The Role of Reflexivity in Ethnography Essay -- Anthropology Science E

The Role of Reflexivity in Ethnography Reflexivity, as I get it, is very well named.It is simply the act of reflecting and one’s work, of acting naturally mindful and self-basic. In humanities, it is very much exemplified by crafted by Renato Rosaldo, Ruth Behar, and Dorinne Kondo, among others. In its most evident structure (or if nothing else the structure generally clear to me), reflexivity is show in the act of an ethnographer remembering herself for her own ethnographic exploration - seeing herself not as a â€Å"unbiased, impartial† (Malinowski 18) onlooker, yet as a fundamental and un-removable piece of her examination. The impact of reflexivity on ethnographic composing has been, notwithstanding, a lot more extensive than simply that. It signals â€Å"a takeoff from the philosophy of objectivity [and] distance† which for such a long time plagued ethnography (Marcus 189). For the individuals who decide to utilize it, reflexivity offers the (frequently overwhelming) freedom of not attempting to have all the appropriate responses. While this clearly presents calculated issues for human sciences, (for example, If we can’t ever gone to an answer, at that point what’s the point?), reflexivity has played a part in delivering probably the most convincing, unassuming writings that I’ve read. Human studies is, as I would see it, not a science.It’s basically not excessively static. Culture isn't something that can be comprehended the manner in which one can get gravity or electricity.It is open for understanding, open for a wide range of translations, and I prefer it as such. I’m promptly killed by an ethnographer who professes to know reality with regards to his subject: in all honesty, I don’t trust it. Furthermore, regardless of whether something is â€Å"true† for a given culture at a given time, who’s to state it won’t have totally changed in five years? I imagine that planning a... ...e just one, and that nobody ethnographer can demonstrate that they’ve â€Å"gotten† a culture anything else than any one else (197). Once more, this takes me back to the â€Å"then what’s the point?† issue. As I would like to think, what we need are more translations of societies. All things considered, there is much to a greater degree a requirement for the work that we do as ethnographers. The â€Å"point† is really bigger now than it was previously. What amount would basic reasoning be encouraged in the event that we had something contrast and be basic about? Any understanding of culture merits taking a gander at on the grounds that, since a human idea it up, it’s inside our domain of study. As Rosaldo composes, â€Å"the truth of objectivism - outright, all inclusive, and immortal - has lost its imposing business model status† (21). The objective presently is to locate a reflexive, self-basic medium among objectivism and extravagance. I feel like we may really arrive.

The book of Saladin Essay Example For Students

The book of Saladin Essay Can destiny and history contrive to transform somebody from a normal kid to a Sultan? In life individuals are continually motivated or impacted by others and this motivation can genuinely change people groups life. This content is separated from, the book of Saladin composed by Tariq Ali in 1998; from the name of the novel, it tends to be accepted that it is a life story written in first individual dependent on somebody named, Saladin, and his life. The entry is about how Saladin was affected by his grandma, which transformed him from an ordinary individual to a Sultan. The story in this entry shifts in wording on now is the ideal time, and this is depicted through its structure, in addition the contentions and feelings are created using language simultaneously. We will compose a custom exposition on The book of Saladin explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The author shows the job of intensity coming into the character as he transforms I, to You. This utilization of progress in authorial voice underscores the contrasts among when the character comes into force, and this can be outlines through very little was normal from me. I was left to myself and extraordinary dealmy appearance and attitude didn't represent a danger to anyone(line 3) and you consider me to be as a Sultan, encompassed by all the images of intensity. You are dazzled and, perhaps, even a piece frightened(line 4). Once more, this portrays the adjustment in tone, before the character came into power, he was questionable about himself with absence of certainty from the obliviousness of everybody. This strongly diverges from after the utilization of You begins showing up. The you exhibits the power and sure about the character, as he shows a conviction of what he thinks, you are impressedyou stress that and take a gander at me.(line 4-5/7) The image of intensity from the character is depicted a few times through snake. Snake was referenced in both adolescence, when I was ninetrying to kill a snake (line 12), and grandmas dream, one night I imagined that a huge man-gulping snake(line 29), Although the snake is appeared in changed timespans in the story, along these lines the creator utilizes this move so as to associate the presence of snake and this features the force that Saladin had was existed, since he was youthful. The envision of intensity is passed on using frightening expressions corresponding to death, as the author depicts your head may roll in the dust(line 5), and murder a snake (line 12)and Crushing its head on a stonestamping on its head with our feet(line 14-15) . These expressions incorporate frightful words, execute, smashing, and Stamping that are identified with snake and head. Head and snake are referenced a few times all through the entry with stunning envision and word decision, and this is utilized to anticipate the intensity of the character has since he was youthful. This can be obvious from in both when he was ten years of age and attempting to slaughter a snake and when he was in his moms gut and exited, blade close by, and, with one powerful blow, executed the snake here, it recommends that he murders them with no dread and again infers him as a pioneer enjoyed individual. The pressure is worked through the move in time in the characters recollections. This is appeared on the other side; Line 16-17 where the passage is developed with one sentence. The utilization of one sentence multiple times displays the ascending in pressure, bit by bit, other than this; the power of the tone was additionally developing through a portion of the word decision and utilization of accentuation, Yusuf! Yusuf ibn Ayyub! Coming here immediately!. Pressure was all the while developing as the creator utilizes dreadful expressions , anticipating a blow around my ear, unbelievable temper, stuck my dad over the face to depict grandma. From every one of these words, it accentuation the repulsiveness in the character , and this additionally affects the perusers when perusing this as there will be a desire for a frenzy of grandma. Along these lines, suddenly, before coming to its peak, the strain was discharged as the essayist states she embraced me and kissed me thusly on both my eyes, and this simultaneously discharge the air in the story. .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e , .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .postImageUrl , .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e , .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e:hover , .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e:visited , .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e:active { border:0!important; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e:active , .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e:hover { darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u 88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: English World Literature EssayThe structure of this entry isn't introduced sequentially, as the author developed the story with the exchanging in times. In spite of the fact that the time is continually moving, subsequently each plot is connected, and additionally the entry closes with alluding back to the thought expressed in the last line of the principal passage. Destiny and history contrived to make me what I am today (line10) and yet even right now this translation without a doubt positively affected me. The 2 sentences of the last passage summed up the entire thought of how Saladin became who he is today, and this additionally takes the perusers back to the first run through of who he is Now as referenced in line 3. This content is removed from The book of Saladin composed by Tariq Ali has a noteworthiness in the job of intensity inside the character Saladin, this was appeared through the move in time. This section demonstrates Saladin was intended to be a Sultan with power through the murdering of snake with no dread, and furthermore increasingly over the fantasy from grandma in the past additionally hint him to be a pioneer. Despite the fact that, there were numerous confirmations giving an indication that Saladin may have turned into an innovator later on, along these lines without the direction of the grandma this could never occurred. In like manner, in actuality, individuals experienced numerous things so as to become what they are today, and inside these things, impact from environmental factors is the thing that to be viewed as the best motivation, much the same as Saladin and his grandma.

The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emerge Literature review

The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emerge Literature review The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emergence Species, Threats Posed by the Expansion of the Acacia Vegetation â€" Literature review Example > The paper “ The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emergence Species, Threats Posed by the Expansion of the Acacia Vegetation” is a delightful example of a literature review on environmental studies. Climate change and human activities continue to have an immeasurable impact on the natural vegetation cover in the different parts of the world. The introduction of new crop species and economic-focused agriculture has particularly had a great impact on the Australian vegetation and ecosystem. Such activities pose an unfathomable threat to the natural ecosystems especially the extinction of some indigenous plant species. Vegetation clearance for commercial agriculture can be associated with increasing desertification in not only Australia but also other parts of the world. Agroforestry has emerged as a solution to the need to increase vegetation cover amidst the growing demand for farming land. The concept of agroforestry focuses on mitigating the impact o f vegetation clearance associated with economic farming on climate change. Agroforestry provides options for minimizing the impact of rapidly expanding agricultural systems that not only threaten the existence of the natural vegetation but also climate change (Lefroy Stirzaker, 1999). As such, the agroforestry practice enhances the adaptability and sustainability of agricultural systems. However, the continued expansion of such agricultural systems poses other environmental challenges such as increased soil salinity and the overall sustainability of the Australian environment. Soil salinity forms one of the environmental stress factors which impact negatively on productivity and growth of plants (Australian Government, 2013). According to Thrail, Bever, and Slattery (2008), the continued clearance of deep-rooted perennial plants in Australia has contributed to the increase in dryland salinity, a phenomenon that threatens growth and productivity of other plant species in such areas . This paper explores the adaptability of different Acacia plant species to environmental stress factors such as soil salinity as one of the critical steps in future re-vegetation efforts in South Australia. This would be critical in addressing problems arising from the growing introduction of water-use efficiency plants and the need to ensure expansion and the long-term sustainability of the agriculture industry in Australia. Similar to other plant species, the growth of different acacia species is influenced by several environmental factors such as soil salinity levels, soil Ph, water availability, and soil toxicity. According to Ramoliya and Pandey (2002), previous studies on the adaptability of the different acacia plant species have demonstrated variations in the abundance and diversity of some species in relation to the soil chemistry and other physical environmental factors. The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity On Acacia Seedling Emergence SpeciesPrevious studies ha ve shown that salinity as an environmental stress factor affects seedling emergence, growth and the survival of the acacia plant. In this case, different acacia plant species have shown diverse seedling emergence, growth, and survival in different soil salinity levels. In a study aimed at investigating the effects of different salinity levels on the seedling emergence of Acacia nilotica species, results revealed a lack of seed emergence in soil with salinity levels above 12.2 ds m-1 (Ramoliya Pandey, 2002). According to Ramoliya and Pandey (2002), further studies have shown a clear association between high soil salinity and retardation of germination and growth of the seedling. At the same time, different plant species have shown variations in their tolerance to salinity levels hence the need to investigate the variations in salts tolerance among the various acacia. Understanding of the salinity tolerance for different acacia plant species emerges as a crucial step in the screeni ng of acacia species for re-vegetation of south-west Australia as well as other areas that continue to face the threat of desertification (Thrall, Bever Slattery, 2008). ReferencesAustralian Government. (2013). Our natural environment.Retrieved fromhttp://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/our-natural-environmentBui, E., Thornhill, A Miller T. (2014). Salt-and alkaline â€"tolerance are linked in Acacia. Biology Letter., 10. Retrieved fromhttp://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiolett/10/7/20140278.full.pdfChapin, F., Sala, O Huber-Sannwald, E. (2001). Global biodiversity in a changing environment: Scenarios for the 21st Century. London: Springer Science Business Media.Craig, G., Bell, DT Atkins, CA. (1990).Response to salt and waterlogging stress of ten taxa of Acacia selected from natural saline areas of Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 36(6), 619-630.Dell, B., Xu, D Thu, P. (n.d). Managing threats to the health of tree plantations in Asia. Su stainable Ecosystems Research Institute. Retrieved fromhttp://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/35407.pdfLefroy, E Stirzaker, R. (1999). Agroforestry for water management in the cropping zone of southern Australia. Agroforestry Systems 45, 277-302.McCarthy, P., Wilson, A., Orchard, A George, A. (2001). Flora of Australia. Volume 11A, Mimosaceae, Acacia, part 1. New Jersey: CSIRO. Nuberg, I., George, B Reid, R. (2009). Agroforestry for natural resource management. London: Csiro publishing. Ramoliya, P Pandey, A. (2002). Effect of salinization of soil on emergence, growth, and survival of seedlings of Acacia nilotica. Botanica Complutensis, 26, 105-119.Thrall, P., Bever, J Slattery, J. (2008). Rhizobial mediation of Acacia adaptation to soil salinity: Evidence of underlying trade-offs and tests of expected patterns. Journal of Ecology, 96, 746-755. The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emerge Literature review The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emergence Species, Threats Posed by the Expansion of the Acacia Vegetation â€" Literature review Example > The paper “ The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emergence Species, Threats Posed by the Expansion of the Acacia Vegetation” is a delightful example of a literature review on environmental studies. Climate change and human activities continue to have an immeasurable impact on the natural vegetation cover in the different parts of the world. The introduction of new crop species and economic-focused agriculture has particularly had a great impact on the Australian vegetation and ecosystem. Such activities pose an unfathomable threat to the natural ecosystems especially the extinction of some indigenous plant species. Vegetation clearance for commercial agriculture can be associated with increasing desertification in not only Australia but also other parts of the world. Agroforestry has emerged as a solution to the need to increase vegetation cover amidst the growing demand for farming land. The concept of agroforestry focuses on mitigating the impact o f vegetation clearance associated with economic farming on climate change. Agroforestry provides options for minimizing the impact of rapidly expanding agricultural systems that not only threaten the existence of the natural vegetation but also climate change (Lefroy Stirzaker, 1999). As such, the agroforestry practice enhances the adaptability and sustainability of agricultural systems. However, the continued expansion of such agricultural systems poses other environmental challenges such as increased soil salinity and the overall sustainability of the Australian environment. Soil salinity forms one of the environmental stress factors which impact negatively on productivity and growth of plants (Australian Government, 2013). According to Thrail, Bever, and Slattery (2008), the continued clearance of deep-rooted perennial plants in Australia has contributed to the increase in dryland salinity, a phenomenon that threatens growth and productivity of other plant species in such areas . This paper explores the adaptability of different Acacia plant species to environmental stress factors such as soil salinity as one of the critical steps in future re-vegetation efforts in South Australia. This would be critical in addressing problems arising from the growing introduction of water-use efficiency plants and the need to ensure expansion and the long-term sustainability of the agriculture industry in Australia. Similar to other plant species, the growth of different acacia species is influenced by several environmental factors such as soil salinity levels, soil Ph, water availability, and soil toxicity. According to Ramoliya and Pandey (2002), previous studies on the adaptability of the different acacia plant species have demonstrated variations in the abundance and diversity of some species in relation to the soil chemistry and other physical environmental factors. The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity On Acacia Seedling Emergence SpeciesPrevious studies ha ve shown that salinity as an environmental stress factor affects seedling emergence, growth and the survival of the acacia plant. In this case, different acacia plant species have shown diverse seedling emergence, growth, and survival in different soil salinity levels. In a study aimed at investigating the effects of different salinity levels on the seedling emergence of Acacia nilotica species, results revealed a lack of seed emergence in soil with salinity levels above 12.2 ds m-1 (Ramoliya Pandey, 2002). According to Ramoliya and Pandey (2002), further studies have shown a clear association between high soil salinity and retardation of germination and growth of the seedling. At the same time, different plant species have shown variations in their tolerance to salinity levels hence the need to investigate the variations in salts tolerance among the various acacia. Understanding of the salinity tolerance for different acacia plant species emerges as a crucial step in the screeni ng of acacia species for re-vegetation of south-west Australia as well as other areas that continue to face the threat of desertification (Thrall, Bever Slattery, 2008). ReferencesAustralian Government. (2013). Our natural environment.Retrieved fromhttp://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/our-natural-environmentBui, E., Thornhill, A Miller T. (2014). Salt-and alkaline â€"tolerance are linked in Acacia. Biology Letter., 10. Retrieved fromhttp://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiolett/10/7/20140278.full.pdfChapin, F., Sala, O Huber-Sannwald, E. (2001). Global biodiversity in a changing environment: Scenarios for the 21st Century. London: Springer Science Business Media.Craig, G., Bell, DT Atkins, CA. (1990).Response to salt and waterlogging stress of ten taxa of Acacia selected from natural saline areas of Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 36(6), 619-630.Dell, B., Xu, D Thu, P. (n.d). Managing threats to the health of tree plantations in Asia. Su stainable Ecosystems Research Institute. Retrieved fromhttp://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/35407.pdfLefroy, E Stirzaker, R. (1999). Agroforestry for water management in the cropping zone of southern Australia. Agroforestry Systems 45, 277-302.McCarthy, P., Wilson, A., Orchard, A George, A. (2001). Flora of Australia. Volume 11A, Mimosaceae, Acacia, part 1. New Jersey: CSIRO. Nuberg, I., George, B Reid, R. (2009). Agroforestry for natural resource management. London: Csiro publishing. Ramoliya, P Pandey, A. (2002). Effect of salinization of soil on emergence, growth, and survival of seedlings of Acacia nilotica. Botanica Complutensis, 26, 105-119.Thrall, P., Bever, J Slattery, J. (2008). Rhizobial mediation of Acacia adaptation to soil salinity: Evidence of underlying trade-offs and tests of expected patterns. Journal of Ecology, 96, 746-755.

Computer Repair Business Plan - 4973 Words

[pic] Computer Repair Business Strategic Business and Marketing Plan The information in this document is confidential and is to be only read by authorized parties. Please refer to the confidentiality agreement for further details. This business plan is not an offering for securities. Confidentiality Agreement The undersigned reader acknowledges that the information provided in this business plan is confidential; therefore, the reader agrees not to disclose it without the express written permission of or an authorized agent of Computer Repair Business, Inc. It is acknowledged by the reader that information furnished in this business plan is in all respects confidential in nature, other than information which is in the public†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Financing for the first six months of operation. †¢ Capital to purchase an inventory of computers and computer parts. Mr. Doe will contribute $10,000 to the venture. 1.3 Mission Statement The Computer Repair Business’ mission is to become the recognized leader in its targeted market for computer repair and customization services. 1.4 Management Team The Company was founded by John Doe. Mr. Doe has more than 10 years of experience in the technology industry. Through his expertise, he will be able to bring the operations of the business to profitability within its first year of operations. 1.5 Sales Forecasts Mr. Doe expects a strong rate of growth at the start of operations. Below are the expected financials over the next three years. |Proforma Profit and Loss (Yearly) | | | |Year |2009 |2010 |2011 | |Sales |$621,378 |$745,654 |$872,415 | |Operating Costs |$379,340 |$416,130 |$454,758 | |EBITDA |$55,624 |$105,827 |$155,933 | |Taxes, Interest, and Depreciation |$33,982 |$49,363 |$67,992 | |Net ProfitShow MoreRelatedBest Buy Geek Squad, Microcenter, And Microsoft964 Words   |  4 Pages It is important for our upcoming business to be aware of the current competition in their field. Whether they will become competition or even create a partnership it is important to learn from their decisions. Companies like Best Buy Geek Squad, Microcenter, Apple, and Microsoft are a few of the well-known companies that we can expect to compete with. First with Best Buy, they offer warranties, installations, support, diagnostics, and repairs. 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Biography of Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz

Chester Henry Nimitz (February 24, 1885–February 20, 1966) served as Commander in Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet during World War II and was later promoted to the new rank of Fleet Admiral. In that role, he commanded all land and sea forces in the central Pacific area. Nimitz was responsible for the victories at Midway and Okinawa among others. In later years, he served as chief of naval operations for the United States. Fast Facts: Chester Henry Nimitz Known For: Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet during World War IIBorn: February 24, 1885 in Fredericksburg, TexasParents: Anna Josephine, Chester Bernhard NimitzDied: February 20, 1966 in Yerba Buena Island, San Francisco, CaliforniaEducation: U.S. Naval AcademyPublished Works: Sea Power, a Naval History (co-editor with E.B. Potter)Awards and Honors: (list includes only American decorations) Navy Distinguished Service Medal with three gold stars, Army Distinguished Service Medal,  Silver Lifesaving Medal, World War I Victory Medal,  Secretary of the Navy Commendation Star, American Defense Service Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, National Defense Service Medal with service star. In addition (among other honors) namesake of the USS  Nimitz, the first nuclear-powered supercarrier. The Nimitz Foundation funds the National Museum of the Pacific War and the Admiral Nimitz Museum, Fredericksburg, Texas.Spouse: Catherine Vance FreemanChildren: Cat herine Vance, Chester William Jr., Anna Elizabeth, Mary MansonNotable Quote: God grant me the courage not to give up what I think is right even though I think it is hopeless. Early Life Chester William Nimitz was born in Fredericksburg, Texas, on February 24, 1885, and was the son of Chester Bernhard and Anna Josephine Nimitz. Nimitzs father died before he was born and as a young man, he was influenced by his grandfather Charles Henry Nimitz, who had served as a merchant seaman. Attending Tivy High School in Kerrville, Texas, Nimitz originally wished to attend West Point but was unable to do so as no appointments were available. Meeting with Congressman James L. Slayden, Nimitz was informed that one competitive appointment was available to Annapolis. Viewing the U.S. Naval Academy as his best option for continuing his education, Nimitz devoted himself to studying and succeeded in winning the appointment. Annapolis Nimitz departed high school early to commence his naval career. Arriving at Annapolis in 1901, he proved an able student and showed a particular aptitude for mathematics. A member of the academys crew team, he graduated with distinction on January 30, 1905, ranked seventh in a class of 114. His class graduated early, as there was a shortage of junior officers due to the rapid expansion of the U.S. Navy. Assigned to the battleship USS Ohio (BB-12), he traveled to the Far East. Remaining in the Orient, he later served aboard the cruiser USS Baltimore. In January 1907, having completed the required two years at sea, Nimitz was commissioned as an ensign. Submarines Diesel Engines Leaving the USS Baltimore, Nimitz received command of the gunboat USS Panay in 1907 before moving on to assume command of the destroyer USS Decatur. While conning Decatur on July 7, 1908, Nimitz grounded the ship on a mud bank in the Philippines. Though he rescued a seaman from drowning in the wake of the incident, Nimitz was court-martialed and issued a letter of reprimand. Returning home, he was transferred to the submarine service in early 1909. Promoted to lieutenant in January 1910, Nimitz commanded several early submarines before being named Commander, 3rd Submarine Division, Atlantic Torpedo Fleet in October 1911. Ordered to Boston the following month to oversee the fitting out of USS Skipjack (E-1), Nimitz received a Silver Lifesaving Medal for rescuing a drowning sailor in March 1912. Leading the Atlantic Submarine Flotilla from May 1912 to March 1913, Nimitz was assigned to oversee the construction of diesel engines for the tanker USS Maumee. While in this assignment, he married Catherine Vance Freeman in April 1913. That summer, the U.S. Navy dispatched Nimitz to Nuremberg, Germany and Ghent, Belgium to study diesel technology. Returning, he became one of the services foremost experts on diesel engines. World War I Re-assigned to Maumee, Nimitz lost part of his right ring finger while demonstrating a diesel engine. He was only saved when his Annapolis class ring jammed the engines gears. Returning to duty, he was made the ships executive officer and engineer upon its commissioning in October 1916. With the U.S. entry into World War I, Nimitz oversaw the first underway refuelings as Maumee aided the first American destroyers crossing the Atlantic to the war zone. Now a lieutenant commander, Nimitz returned to submarines on August 10, 1917, as an aide to Rear Admiral Samuel S. Robinson, commander of the U.S. Atlantic Fleets submarine force. Made Robinsons chief of staff in February 1918, Nimitz received a letter of commendation for his work. The Interwar Years With the war winding down in September 1918, he saw duty in the office of the Chief of Naval Operations and was a member of the Board of Submarine Design. Returning to sea in May 1919, Nimitz was made executive officer of the battleship USS South Carolina (BB-26). After brief service as the commander of USS Chicago and Submarine Division 14, he entered the Naval War College in 1922. After graduating he became chief of staff to Commander, Battle Forces and later Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Fleet. In August 1926, Nimitz traveled to the University of California-Berkeley to establish a Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps Unit. Promoted to captain on June 2, 1927, Nimitz departed Berkeley two years later to take command of Submarine Division 20. In October 1933, he was given command of the cruiser USS Augusta. Principally serving as flagship of the Asiatic Fleet, he remained in the Far East for two years. Arriving back in Washington, Nimitz was appointed Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Navigation. After a brief time in this role, he was made Commander, Cruiser Division 2, Battle Force. Promoted to rear admiral on June 23, 1938, he was transferred to be Commander, Battleship Division 1, Battle Force that October. World War II Begins Coming ashore in 1939, Nimitz was selected to serve as Chief of the Bureau of Navigation. He was in this role when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Ten days later, Nimitz was selected to replace Admiral Husband Kimmel as Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Traveling west, he arrived at Pearl Harbor on Christmas Day. Officially taking command on December 31, Nimitz immediately began efforts to rebuild the Pacific Fleet and halt the Japanese advance across the Pacific. Coral Sea and Midway On March 30, 1942, Nimitz was also made Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas giving him control of all Allied forces in the central Pacific. Initially operating on the defensive, Nimitzs forces won a strategic victory at the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942, which halted Japanese efforts to capture Port Moresby, New Guinea. The following month, they scored a decisive triumph over the Japanese at the Battle of Midway. With reinforcements arriving, Nimitz shifted to the offensive and began a protracted campaign in the Solomon Islands in August, centered on the capture of Guadalcanal. After several months of bitter fighting on land and sea, the island was finally secured in early 1943. While General Douglas MacArthur, Commander-in-Chief, Southwest Pacific Area, advanced through New Guinea, Nimitz began a campaign of island hopping across the Pacific. Rather than engage sizable Japanese garrisons, these operations were designed to cut them off and let them wither on the vine. Moving from island to island, Allied forces used each as a base for capturing the next. Island Hopping Beginning with Tarawa in November 1943, Allied ships and men pushed through the Gilbert Islands and into the Marshalls capturing Kwajalein and Eniwetok. Next targeting Saipan, Guam, and Tinian in the Marianas, Nimitzs forces succeeded in routing the Japanese fleet at the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944. Capturing the islands, Allied forces next fought a bloody battle for Peleliu and then secured Angaur and Ulithi. To the south, elements of the U.S. Pacific Fleet under Admiral William Bull Halsey won a climactic fight at the Battle of Leyte Gulf in support of MacArthurs landings in the Philippines. On December 14, 1944, by Act of Congress, Nimitz was promoted to the newly created rank of Fleet Admiral (five-star). Shifting his headquarters from Pearl Harbor to Guam in January 1945, Nimitz oversaw the capture of Iwo Jima two months later. With airfields in the Marianas operational, B-29 Superfortresses began bombing the Japanese home islands. As part of this campaign, Nimitz ordered the mining of Japanese harbors. In April, Nimitz began the campaign to capture Okinawa. After an extended fight for the island, it was captured in June. End of the War Throughout the war in the Pacific, Nimitz made effective use of his submarine force, which conducted a highly effective campaign against Japanese shipping. As Allied leaders in the Pacific were planning for the invasion of Japan, the war came to an abrupt end with the use of the atom bomb in early August. On September 2, Nimitz was aboard the battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) as part of the Allied delegation to receive the Japanese surrender. The second Allied leader to sign the Instrument of Surrender after MacArthur, Nimitz signed as the representative of the United States. Postwar With the conclusion of the war, Nimitz departed the Pacific to accept the position of Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). Replacing Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, Nimitz took office on December 15, 1945. During his two years in office, Nimitz was tasked with scaling back the U.S. Navy to a peacetime level. To accomplish this, he established a variety of reserve fleets to ensure that an appropriate level of readiness was maintained despite reductions in the strength of the active fleet. During the Nuremberg Trial of German Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz in 1946, Nimitz produced an affidavit in support of the use of unrestricted submarine warfare. This was a key reason why the German admirals life was spared and a relatively short prison sentence was given. During his term as CNO, Nimitz also advocated on behalf of the U.S. Navys relevancy in the age of atomic weapons and pushed for continuing research and development. This saw Nimitz support Captain Hyman G. Rickovers early proposals to convert the submarine fleet to nuclear power and resulted in the construction of USS Nautilus. Retiring from the U.S. Navy on December 15, 1947, Nimitz and his wife settled in Berkeley, California. Later Life On January 1, 1948, Nimitz was appointed to the largely ceremonial role of Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Navy in the Western Sea Frontier. Prominent in the San Francisco-area community, he served as a regent of the University of California from 1948 to 1956. During this time, he worked to restore relations with Japan and helped lead fundraising efforts for the restoration of the battleship Mikasa, which had served as Admiral Heihachiro Togos flagship at the 1905 Battle of Tsushima. Death In late 1965, Nimitz suffered a stroke that was later complicated by pneumonia. Returning to his home on Yerba Buena Island, Nimitz died on February 20, 1966. Following his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno, California.

Radio as medium of mass communication Free Essays

Radio is widely used mass communication medium and has a great potentiality in dissemination of information as radio signals cover almost entire world. More than 177 radio stations are there across the country. Almost 97 percent of the population is reached by the radio. We will write a custom essay sample on Radio as medium of mass communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Radio being a convenient form of entertainment caters to a large audience. With the invention of transistors this medium has reached the common man in urban and rural areas of India but the utilization of radio is more among rural elites. It has advantages over the other mass media like television and newspapers in terms of being handy, portable, easily accessible and cheap. Radio is the most portable of the broadcast media, being easily accessible at home, at office, in car, on the street or beach, virtually anywhere and everywhere at any time. Radio is effective medium not only in informing the people but also in creating awareness regarding many social issues and need for social reformation, developing interest and initiating action. For example, in creating awareness regarding new policies, news about evelopmental projects and programs, new ideas etc. It will help in creating a positive climate for growth and development. It widens the horizons of the people and enlightens them, and gradually changing their outlook towards life. Research about this has shown that radio is an effective medium for education when it is followed up with group discussion and question- answer session. In India, radio with its penetration to the rural areas is becoming a powerful medium for advertisers. It gains 3 percent of the national advertising budget. Radio is still the heapest alternative to television, but it is no longer the poor medium in advertising terms. Because radio listening are so widespread, it is prospered as an advertising medium for reaching local audiences. Moreover, the radio serves small and highly targeted audiences, which makes radio an excellent advertising medium for many kinds of specialized products and services. As far as commercials are concerned, no one will able to tune out commercials easily as is possible with remote control devices and VCRs. It is said that radio’s ability to ttract local advertisers hurts mainly newspapers, as television is less attractive to the small and local advertiser. As tar as audience is concerned radio does not hamper persons mobility. Radio as a vehicle of information for masses it is still the fastest medium of communication. For instance, it would take less time for a news reporter for radio to arrive on the spot with a microphone and recorder than the same for TV along with a shooting team and equipment. Another important feature of radio as mass medium is that it caters to a large rural opulation which has no access to TV and where there is no power supply. In such places, AIR-AII India Radio’s programmes continue to be the only source of information and entertainment. AIR broadcasts programmes in 24 languages and 140 dialects. â€Å"Radio should be treated as a kin to newspapers in view of the fact that it is local, inexpensive, linked to communities, has limited band width and operates through simple technology’. The economics of radio does allow tailoring programme content to the needs of small audiences. Thus it is economically viable to recast a programme for broadcast to audiences in different sub regional, cultural and linguistic language. This enhances the value of radio as a medium in networking developmental programmes. It offers many possibilities in networking, from local or regional co- ordinated broadcasts and interactive exchange of queries and data. It will serve as a standalone medium of information dissemination or a support medium for curricular learning, Jointly with print material or with fieldwork. How to cite Radio as medium of mass communication, Papers

The Life and History of Winston S. Churchill free essay sample

Winston Churchill Winston S. Churchill was a former prime minister of England during 1940 to 1945 and 1951 to 1955. He had been well known for his leadership, oratory skills and bold statements regarding political issues (internationally and locally). He was also described as being: bold, confident, manipulative, courageous, determined, outspoken, brave, and stubborn. Born into the likes of a rich family, he often undervalued the importance and value of money reflecting at times during his time as Prime Minister. As he matured, he often contemplated between a life in the army or in Parliament. His contemplation became his reality as he would â€Å"switch† between the army and Parliament as an adult. While in the army serving in various places, he became an accomplished writer and war reporter while also showing his outgoing personality. Through multiple years of this experience, he developed his writing skills and his oratory skills while being involved in world issues. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life and History of Winston S. Churchill or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Soon he developed his â€Å"bold† views on ideas (e. g. less influence in India) and having iron fist strength in his beliefs and opinions. When we finally decided Parliament was the right home for him, the Nazis’ and Hitler were preparing for their â€Å"blitzkrieg† and were preparing for the starting phases of WW2. Churchill started to realize the threat this posed and voiced out to the government in 1939 that the English government had to be more â€Å"pro-active† about Hitler. Churchill’s predictions came out true and the threat posed became imminent to the English government after the invasion on Norway and the failed campaign in Norway as well. Churchill came out as Prime Minister in 1940 after the previous Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, resigned. Right off the bat, he allotted majority of finances into the military task forces and declared war on Germany. He also stated his steadfast refusal to consider defeat, surrender or compromise peace with Hitler. Later when major countries (e. g. France) fell under the blitzkrieg, Churchill embodied his country’s will to resist and continue fighting the war. His oratory (particularly his speeches and radio broadcasts) inspired the British men. These acts helped inspire British resistance, the only active resistance against Hitler and his Nazi forces. Churchill had also spent numerous hours with the British people who were suffering from air raids by the Luftwaffe and typing numerous letters to get U. S. A into the war. Over the next few years when Russia and U. S. A had become allies and began closing in on Germany, Churchill knew this war was over and the allies had won. His prediction was, again, correct. When he announced this, he said, â€Å"This is your victory. The people shouted: No, it is yours. † Many people around the world appreciated the efforts and actions of Churchill; however, with the pinnacle of military victory, he tasted political defeat. The actions of what Winston Churchill had done for all the British people and everyone around the world is beyond words. Without him, Britain and many other countries would have been in serious trouble during WW2 and the firmness of his beliefs had inspired everyone to truly believe in their ideologies, something that we have seen quite a bit since Churchill’s time period. Some examples: Martin Luther King Jr. , Nelson Mandela, Aung San Suu Kyi, Arab Springs protests. They had all believed in their ideologies and proved it to themselves and the world, something great Churchill had started and shown the world.

The problem of presenting non-Western ethnographic material Essay Example

The problem of presenting non The problem of presenting non-Western ethnographic material Essay The problem of presenting non-Western ethnographic material Essay The problem of presenting non-Western ethnographic material in Western terms is something that both authors had to work with. Abu-Lughod, on introducing her work, says, the unusual form of this ethnography owes much to the remarkable women in the Awlad Ali Bedouin community with whom I lived (Abu-Lughod 1993: 1). This is a progressive step for ethnography, to fit the form of ones work to the content, inspired by the informants. Conversely, Marjorie Shostak describes the problems she encountered when trying to fit the lives of the ! Kung into the categories she had prescribed. Having mentioned some of the topics I hoped to cover (Shostak 1982: 21), she found the informants difficult and unreliable. Shostaks material was gathered mainly through formal interviews (often with informants receiving payment), in contrast to Abu-Lughod who had built up a rapport with her informants and used mostly informal personal and group conversations, which led her eventually to the conclusion that perhaps my wealth, status and foreignness kept the women from trusting me (ibid. : 33). Shostak seems not to recognise the divide she creates and maintains between herself and her informants in her thoughts and actions, while Abu-Lughod is very self-conscious and self-aware. For all her determination to create an ethnography that does not perpetuate a cultural hierarchy, Abu-Lughod can not escape the fact that she remains in ultimate control of her material, and so potentially a superior and authoritative voice. However, she seems conscious of this fact, and is explicit in her methodology, leaving in the questions asked and not pretending conversations did not take place because of her presence. The final chapter centred around Kamla is an example of Abu-Lughods editorial work being governed by the material she is gathering is shown. The content of the chapter is determined according to the information that Kamla included in her essay, Abu-Lughod merely adds relevant points to each section. Shostak, however, is not so open to suggestions as she has set out with a very clear picture of what she wishes to achieve through her ethnography. She says that she explained to her informants, that I wanted to learn what it meant to be a woman in their culture so I could better understand what it meant in my own (Shostak 1982: 21), which is the kind of construction of self through opposition to others that I described earlier in the essay as contributing to the notion of self and other that perpetrates notions of cultural superiority. As shown at one point when she is reminded of the cultural gulf between Nisa and me (ibid. :350), Shostak seems unwilling to attempt to understand her informants on their own terms and not in contrast to herself. Despite describing the ! Kung in the introduction using many generalisations, the fact remains that Shostak has written, as Abu-Lughod would call it, an ethnography of the particular; she has allowed the voice of one woman to be heard. However, it seems that Shostaks intention was not to allow us to see the intricacies of one persons life so that we may see the boundlessness of cultures or the similarity of living life all over the world, but rather that we may get a general picture of the ! Kung culture through one person. In the epilogue, Shostak writes, perhaps [Nisas] story was too idiosyncratic an interpretation of ! Kung life; perhaps it didnt generalise to other women (Shostak 1982: 350), which shows a certain unawareness of the potential of letting informants speak for themselves, and a simple wish to personify culture. Abu-Lughod, on the other hand, uses the opportunity of describing individual lives to great effect. Her wish, she says, was that each chapter might unravel its title, each one being a conventional Western analytical category, to show the boundlessness of life. She is able to show the tensions and contradictions that exist within the community, even within the individual, which would have been flattened out (Abu-Lughod 1993: 221) in generalisations. For example, Kamla describes the importance of traditional values, but if she were to think about how the extensive bonds between kin are to be maintained, she would have to admit the virtues of marriage to paternal cousins, the kind of marriage she wanted desperately to avoid. (ibid. : 234). This internal conflict between tradition and progress is shown in the contradictions of one girl. The question of exploitation in transferring the information gathered to the public is something both authors address. Abu-Lughods intention with this ethnography is clear, but she is uncertain of her authority in executing it: Do the ends of undermining anthropological generalisations, questioning feminist interpretations, and shaking up assumptions about the Middle East justify the means? (ibid. :38) Abu-Lughod was worried that she was exposing things about her informants that were personal and worried that it may be seen that she was using them for her own purpose. Shostak is not so sensitive to the consequences of her work being published. In debating asking Nisa for her permission, she says, it was my work, certainly but it was her story (Shostak 1982: 350). The notion of self and other in her book is shown again. In this case, the issue of exploitation seems more apparent than in Abu-Lughods book because she has constructed an image of herself in contrast to Nisa, and of Nisas world in contrast to her own, which she was using for her own ends in understanding what it was to be a woman. In this essay I have shown some of the main arguments from Said, Asad, Clifford and Abu-Lughod concerning the authority of anthropologists in speaking for their informants. I have shown, using two ethnographies, the potential for success and failure in letting the informants speak. I realise that I was very critical of Shostaks work in comparison to that of Abu-Lughod, and that this followed theoretical suggestions from, amongst others, Abu-Lughod, which may seem biased. However, the arguments put forward by Abu-Lughod for better and more representative ethnography were theoretically supported by other anthropologists and seemed to me to be sensible and appropriate for this discussion. In conclusion, if approached and executed in the right manner, I believe the work anthropologists do in making known the lives of others is not exploitative, but informative and useful. Bibliography Abu-Lughod, L. 1991. Writing Against Culture in (ed. ) Fox Recapturing Anthropology. University of Washington Press, Washington. Abu-Lughod, L. 1993. Writing Womens Worlds. University of California Press, California. Asad, T. 1973. Introduction in (ed. ) Asad, T. Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter. Ithica Press, London. Clifford, J. 1986. Introduction: Partial Truths in (eds. ) Clifford Marcus Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. University of California Press, California. Said, E. 1995. Orientalism. Penguin Books Ltd, Middlesex. Shostak, M. 1982. Nisa: The Life and Words of a ! Kung Woman. Penguin Books Ltd, London. AN101 Lent Term Assessment Essay Joanna Clarke

The problem of presenting non-Western ethnographic material Essay Example

The problem of presenting non The problem of presenting non-Western ethnographic material Essay The problem of presenting non-Western ethnographic material Essay The problem of presenting non-Western ethnographic material in Western terms is something that both authors had to work with. Abu-Lughod, on introducing her work, says, the unusual form of this ethnography owes much to the remarkable women in the Awlad Ali Bedouin community with whom I lived (Abu-Lughod 1993: 1). This is a progressive step for ethnography, to fit the form of ones work to the content, inspired by the informants. Conversely, Marjorie Shostak describes the problems she encountered when trying to fit the lives of the ! Kung into the categories she had prescribed. Having mentioned some of the topics I hoped to cover (Shostak 1982: 21), she found the informants difficult and unreliable. Shostaks material was gathered mainly through formal interviews (often with informants receiving payment), in contrast to Abu-Lughod who had built up a rapport with her informants and used mostly informal personal and group conversations, which led her eventually to the conclusion that perhaps my wealth, status and foreignness kept the women from trusting me (ibid. : 33). Shostak seems not to recognise the divide she creates and maintains between herself and her informants in her thoughts and actions, while Abu-Lughod is very self-conscious and self-aware. For all her determination to create an ethnography that does not perpetuate a cultural hierarchy, Abu-Lughod can not escape the fact that she remains in ultimate control of her material, and so potentially a superior and authoritative voice. However, she seems conscious of this fact, and is explicit in her methodology, leaving in the questions asked and not pretending conversations did not take place because of her presence. The final chapter centred around Kamla is an example of Abu-Lughods editorial work being governed by the material she is gathering is shown. The content of the chapter is determined according to the information that Kamla included in her essay, Abu-Lughod merely adds relevant points to each section. Shostak, however, is not so open to suggestions as she has set out with a very clear picture of what she wishes to achieve through her ethnography. She says that she explained to her informants, that I wanted to learn what it meant to be a woman in their culture so I could better understand what it meant in my own (Shostak 1982: 21), which is the kind of construction of self through opposition to others that I described earlier in the essay as contributing to the notion of self and other that perpetrates notions of cultural superiority. As shown at one point when she is reminded of the cultural gulf between Nisa and me (ibid. :350), Shostak seems unwilling to attempt to understand her informants on their own terms and not in contrast to herself. Despite describing the ! Kung in the introduction using many generalisations, the fact remains that Shostak has written, as Abu-Lughod would call it, an ethnography of the particular; she has allowed the voice of one woman to be heard. However, it seems that Shostaks intention was not to allow us to see the intricacies of one persons life so that we may see the boundlessness of cultures or the similarity of living life all over the world, but rather that we may get a general picture of the ! Kung culture through one person. In the epilogue, Shostak writes, perhaps [Nisas] story was too idiosyncratic an interpretation of ! Kung life; perhaps it didnt generalise to other women (Shostak 1982: 350), which shows a certain unawareness of the potential of letting informants speak for themselves, and a simple wish to personify culture. Abu-Lughod, on the other hand, uses the opportunity of describing individual lives to great effect. Her wish, she says, was that each chapter might unravel its title, each one being a conventional Western analytical category, to show the boundlessness of life. She is able to show the tensions and contradictions that exist within the community, even within the individual, which would have been flattened out (Abu-Lughod 1993: 221) in generalisations. For example, Kamla describes the importance of traditional values, but if she were to think about how the extensive bonds between kin are to be maintained, she would have to admit the virtues of marriage to paternal cousins, the kind of marriage she wanted desperately to avoid. (ibid. : 234). This internal conflict between tradition and progress is shown in the contradictions of one girl. The question of exploitation in transferring the information gathered to the public is something both authors address. Abu-Lughods intention with this ethnography is clear, but she is uncertain of her authority in executing it: Do the ends of undermining anthropological generalisations, questioning feminist interpretations, and shaking up assumptions about the Middle East justify the means? (ibid. :38) Abu-Lughod was worried that she was exposing things about her informants that were personal and worried that it may be seen that she was using them for her own purpose. Shostak is not so sensitive to the consequences of her work being published. In debating asking Nisa for her permission, she says, it was my work, certainly but it was her story (Shostak 1982: 350). The notion of self and other in her book is shown again. In this case, the issue of exploitation seems more apparent than in Abu-Lughods book because she has constructed an image of herself in contrast to Nisa, and of Nisas world in contrast to her own, which she was using for her own ends in understanding what it was to be a woman. In this essay I have shown some of the main arguments from Said, Asad, Clifford and Abu-Lughod concerning the authority of anthropologists in speaking for their informants. I have shown, using two ethnographies, the potential for success and failure in letting the informants speak. I realise that I was very critical of Shostaks work in comparison to that of Abu-Lughod, and that this followed theoretical suggestions from, amongst others, Abu-Lughod, which may seem biased. However, the arguments put forward by Abu-Lughod for better and more representative ethnography were theoretically supported by other anthropologists and seemed to me to be sensible and appropriate for this discussion. In conclusion, if approached and executed in the right manner, I believe the work anthropologists do in making known the lives of others is not exploitative, but informative and useful. Bibliography Abu-Lughod, L. 1991. Writing Against Culture in (ed. ) Fox Recapturing Anthropology. University of Washington Press, Washington. Abu-Lughod, L. 1993. Writing Womens Worlds. University of California Press, California. Asad, T. 1973. Introduction in (ed. ) Asad, T. Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter. Ithica Press, London. Clifford, J. 1986. Introduction: Partial Truths in (eds. ) Clifford Marcus Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. University of California Press, California. Said, E. 1995. Orientalism. Penguin Books Ltd, Middlesex. Shostak, M. 1982. Nisa: The Life and Words of a ! Kung Woman. Penguin Books Ltd, London. AN101 Lent Term Assessment Essay Joanna Clarke

The problem of presenting non-Western ethnographic material Essay Example

The problem of presenting non The problem of presenting non-Western ethnographic material Essay The problem of presenting non-Western ethnographic material Essay The problem of presenting non-Western ethnographic material in Western terms is something that both authors had to work with. Abu-Lughod, on introducing her work, says, the unusual form of this ethnography owes much to the remarkable women in the Awlad Ali Bedouin community with whom I lived (Abu-Lughod 1993: 1). This is a progressive step for ethnography, to fit the form of ones work to the content, inspired by the informants. Conversely, Marjorie Shostak describes the problems she encountered when trying to fit the lives of the ! Kung into the categories she had prescribed. Having mentioned some of the topics I hoped to cover (Shostak 1982: 21), she found the informants difficult and unreliable. Shostaks material was gathered mainly through formal interviews (often with informants receiving payment), in contrast to Abu-Lughod who had built up a rapport with her informants and used mostly informal personal and group conversations, which led her eventually to the conclusion that perhaps my wealth, status and foreignness kept the women from trusting me (ibid. : 33). Shostak seems not to recognise the divide she creates and maintains between herself and her informants in her thoughts and actions, while Abu-Lughod is very self-conscious and self-aware. For all her determination to create an ethnography that does not perpetuate a cultural hierarchy, Abu-Lughod can not escape the fact that she remains in ultimate control of her material, and so potentially a superior and authoritative voice. However, she seems conscious of this fact, and is explicit in her methodology, leaving in the questions asked and not pretending conversations did not take place because of her presence. The final chapter centred around Kamla is an example of Abu-Lughods editorial work being governed by the material she is gathering is shown. The content of the chapter is determined according to the information that Kamla included in her essay, Abu-Lughod merely adds relevant points to each section. Shostak, however, is not so open to suggestions as she has set out with a very clear picture of what she wishes to achieve through her ethnography. She says that she explained to her informants, that I wanted to learn what it meant to be a woman in their culture so I could better understand what it meant in my own (Shostak 1982: 21), which is the kind of construction of self through opposition to others that I described earlier in the essay as contributing to the notion of self and other that perpetrates notions of cultural superiority. As shown at one point when she is reminded of the cultural gulf between Nisa and me (ibid. :350), Shostak seems unwilling to attempt to understand her informants on their own terms and not in contrast to herself. Despite describing the ! Kung in the introduction using many generalisations, the fact remains that Shostak has written, as Abu-Lughod would call it, an ethnography of the particular; she has allowed the voice of one woman to be heard. However, it seems that Shostaks intention was not to allow us to see the intricacies of one persons life so that we may see the boundlessness of cultures or the similarity of living life all over the world, but rather that we may get a general picture of the ! Kung culture through one person. In the epilogue, Shostak writes, perhaps [Nisas] story was too idiosyncratic an interpretation of ! Kung life; perhaps it didnt generalise to other women (Shostak 1982: 350), which shows a certain unawareness of the potential of letting informants speak for themselves, and a simple wish to personify culture. Abu-Lughod, on the other hand, uses the opportunity of describing individual lives to great effect. Her wish, she says, was that each chapter might unravel its title, each one being a conventional Western analytical category, to show the boundlessness of life. She is able to show the tensions and contradictions that exist within the community, even within the individual, which would have been flattened out (Abu-Lughod 1993: 221) in generalisations. For example, Kamla describes the importance of traditional values, but if she were to think about how the extensive bonds between kin are to be maintained, she would have to admit the virtues of marriage to paternal cousins, the kind of marriage she wanted desperately to avoid. (ibid. : 234). This internal conflict between tradition and progress is shown in the contradictions of one girl. The question of exploitation in transferring the information gathered to the public is something both authors address. Abu-Lughods intention with this ethnography is clear, but she is uncertain of her authority in executing it: Do the ends of undermining anthropological generalisations, questioning feminist interpretations, and shaking up assumptions about the Middle East justify the means? (ibid. :38) Abu-Lughod was worried that she was exposing things about her informants that were personal and worried that it may be seen that she was using them for her own purpose. Shostak is not so sensitive to the consequences of her work being published. In debating asking Nisa for her permission, she says, it was my work, certainly but it was her story (Shostak 1982: 350). The notion of self and other in her book is shown again. In this case, the issue of exploitation seems more apparent than in Abu-Lughods book because she has constructed an image of herself in contrast to Nisa, and of Nisas world in contrast to her own, which she was using for her own ends in understanding what it was to be a woman. In this essay I have shown some of the main arguments from Said, Asad, Clifford and Abu-Lughod concerning the authority of anthropologists in speaking for their informants. I have shown, using two ethnographies, the potential for success and failure in letting the informants speak. I realise that I was very critical of Shostaks work in comparison to that of Abu-Lughod, and that this followed theoretical suggestions from, amongst others, Abu-Lughod, which may seem biased. However, the arguments put forward by Abu-Lughod for better and more representative ethnography were theoretically supported by other anthropologists and seemed to me to be sensible and appropriate for this discussion. In conclusion, if approached and executed in the right manner, I believe the work anthropologists do in making known the lives of others is not exploitative, but informative and useful. Bibliography Abu-Lughod, L. 1991. Writing Against Culture in (ed. ) Fox Recapturing Anthropology. University of Washington Press, Washington. Abu-Lughod, L. 1993. Writing Womens Worlds. University of California Press, California. Asad, T. 1973. Introduction in (ed. ) Asad, T. Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter. Ithica Press, London. Clifford, J. 1986. Introduction: Partial Truths in (eds. ) Clifford Marcus Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. University of California Press, California. Said, E. 1995. Orientalism. Penguin Books Ltd, Middlesex. Shostak, M. 1982. Nisa: The Life and Words of a ! Kung Woman. Penguin Books Ltd, London. AN101 Lent Term Assessment Essay Joanna Clarke

Cynics and Cynosures

Cynics and Cynosures Cynics and Cynosures Cynics and Cynosures By Maeve Maddox These two â€Å"doggy† words have quite different meanings. The word cynic comes from a Greek word meaning â€Å"dog-like, currish, churlish.† The word became a nickname for a school of Greek philosophers who disdained the luxuries and polite behavior of cultivated Greeks. Cynic is capitalized when it is used to refer to the philosophers. Pronunciation Note cynic [SIN-ik], cynical [Sin-uh-kl], cynicism [SIN-uh-sizm] cynosure Am. [SYNE-uh-SHOOR] Br. [SIN-uh-SHOOR] The most famous Cynicone might even say the cynosure of Cynics–was Diogenes. A most committed curmudgeon, Diogenes is remembered for having chosen to live in a tub instead of a house, and for telling Alexander the Great to move because he was blocking the sun. The word cynosure comes from a Greek word meaning â€Å"dog’s tail.† This was the name given by the Greeks to the northern constellation Ursa Minor, the â€Å"Small Bear† in whose tail is the Pole-star, also known as the North Star. Because the North Star is bright and a means of finding the direction of north, the word cynosure acquired the figurative meaning of â€Å"something that is bright and serves as a guide.† The philosophy of the Cynics had much to recommend it. Their goal was to live life according to Nature, a philosophy similar to that expressed by Thoreau in Walden. Thoreau, however, minded his manners and didn’t despise creature comforts. The Cynics embraced poverty, hardship, and toil. They criticized the emptiness and hypocrisy of social convention and organized religion; as a result they earned the reputation of people-haters and grumps. In modern usage, a cynic is a person disposed to find fault with everything and to rant about it to everyone. A cynic trusts no one’s sincerity or good intentions. The adjective is cynical; the noun is cynicism. Here are a few current applications of these words: Bill Maher is a playful microphone-toting cynic, roaming the landscapes of Christianity, with a few references to Judaism, Islam, and Scientology. Cynical politicians disingenuously mouth slogans of liberty and national security in order to manipulate the uncertain masses. The media framing of political news is implicated in activating, if not creating, cynicism about campaigns, policy, and governance. Social cynicism results from excessively high expectations concerning society, institutions and authorities: unfulfilled expectations lead to disillusionment, which releases feelings of disappointment and  betrayal. A few commenters on cynicism, it appears, are a bit limited in vocabulary: As I got older I found my cynical-ness had mostly gone away. Thats just pure speculation based on my cynicalness that companies always make deals better after Ive already gotten mine to make me feel bad. I think another technique that the author uses is Holden’s cynicalness and over all hypocriticalness. Cynicism is the noun; no â€Å"ness† needed. Hypocrisy is the noun for hypocritical. Unlike cynic, the word cynosure has positive connotations. A cynosure is someone or something that serves for guidance or direction, a â€Å"guiding star.† Not as common as cynic and its related forms, cynosure is nevertheless in current use: One critic wrote that admiration has grown such that Vemeer is now â€Å"displacing Raphael as Europe’s cynosure of artistic perfection. They have been the subject of many sighs and the cynosure of billions of eyes I am talking about the paintings that have defined the world of art. Da Vinci Robotics Exhibitions-conceptualised by  Leonardo da Vinci, Open vibe- the brain-computer interface show how brain activity, PR2 Robot, Eccerobot 2–an anthropomimetic robot acting as a human replica–were the cynosure of all eyes in 2011. Deepika Padukone, who was once a hot favourite with Yuvraj Singh and MS Dhoni, will be  the cynosure  of all eyes this cricket  season. If you decide to use cynosure, be sure to avoid the clichà © â€Å"cynosure of all eyes.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About Numbers10 Colloquial Terms and Their MeaningsEnglish Grammar 101: Prepositions

Statistics Mini-project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Statistics Mini-project - Essay Example And the equation is as below. In work fields, it is the order of the day that you can work with a person and end up being paid very little as compared to what he/she is getting at the end of the pay period (Mailu, S 2000). This is caused by many factors but majority tend to thing that, the level of education, sex, work experience, his/her race, the occupation one is in, the sector, the marital status, where one lives and whether one is a member of the union, has a lot to do with the remuneration package one gets. In view of this, the above project was carried out to determine whether this is true and if not what really matters in such situations. Data was collected and analyzed according to Jacob, C (1998). The way a certain group is represented in the sample determines a lot how that groups will behave and also how their findings will be generalized (Agnes, W 2002). In this case regression analysis is used to determine if the coefficients used are significant or not. According to Smith (2000), regression tells more of how a certain factor contributes towards the other. From tables 1-5 above, the whites earn a bit high than the other races although the difference in wage is not significant. The same applies to the gender; males are a bit high in wage than the females with a difference of 2.11 which is statistically different. Union members earn better than their counterparts who are not union members and have a significant difference of 2.16. In the different job categories, those working in management earn better followed by those that are professionals although the difference is not statistically significant. However, management and professional earn differently from the others categories and the various mean differences are statistically different at 95% confidence level. Clerical jobs are the poorly paid. Experience contributes much as well as the level of education one has attained. Furthers, those that have spend many years in

Las Meninas and Allegory of Painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Las Meninas and Allegory of Painting - Essay Example The essay "Las Meninas and Allegory of Painting" compares Diego Velasquez's 'Las Meninas' and Jan Vermeer's 'The Allegory of Painting'. These two paintings are clearly Baroque art pieces. Las Meninas was made on 1656 and The Allegory of Painting was made on 1666 to 1668. Their subjects are slices of life, one in the castle and one in a non-specific room. Both paintings use light and shadow very well, providing depth and dimension to both paintings. Both evoke the same feelings of the viewer being in the room with the subjects, as the paintings are all open. However, they are also indifferent at the same time. They both have the element of mystery. They also feature the painter character in the painting. In Las Meninas, it is clearly identified that that character was Velazquez but in The Allegory of Painting, the painter is turned back, so positive identification of the subject is impossible. Both paintings tackle everyday life. In Las Meninas, it features the scene in the castle. Ac cording to various literature, it is in a room of the palace of King Philip IV of Spain. There are many characters in it, like the young Princess Infanta Margarita Teresa together with her maids of honor, chaperone, bodyguard and two dwarfs. However, there is the mirror element at the back wall of the room reflecting the images of the King and Queen of Spain. That implies that the painter is painting the King and Queen, and that the King and Queen are in the place of the viewer, out of the painted space.

The diversity of the leisure industry

The diversity of the leisure industry 1.0 Introduction For many people leisure to them might mean when one has free time or when one is unoccupied with duties or responsibilities. For some, leisure could be a luxury for their free time; this could be because of a number of reasons such as, they could be a workaholic where they work compulsively at the expense of their activities or they could be people who live in complex societies such as in robust towns and cities. For some, leisure could be a necessity because they believe in proper balance of social and family life. For some others, leisure to them might mean to just socialize and communicate with one another. For example going to the cinema with your friends is considered a leisure activity, but some people believe that leisure is all mainly active sports such indoor football or squash which means they all have their own definition on leisure. This would suggest that people define leisure on different terms depending on how their backgrounds are and other key factors such as culture, gender, age, economic status and social class. Leisure is defined as: ‘Time at ones command, free from engagement; convenient opportunity; hence, convenience; ease. (BrainyMedia, 2009) The Leisure industry has much diversity such as various activities and the many elements of it such as race/ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation and ability/disability. Some activities would be linked to a cultural and linguistically diverse background. There is a diverse range of activities available for your unoccupied time such as, your hobbies like gardening, shopping, spectators sport, holidays and gambling. There are three main types of leisure, active, passive and home based. All three include many diverse activities such as, hiking, home entertainment or even just reading could be considered as a leisure activity. Many school students can benefit from the diverse leisure pursuits because they get offered a range of after school clubs making leisure activities more participle and recreational. 1.1 Active leisure activities There are many active pursuits that we can take part in. Active pursuits can be high impact or low impact activities. Low impact activities like walking and yoga do not expend high levels of energy, usually have little contact or competition and does not require much equipment. In the other side there are high impact activities such as wrestling and rugby, which are competitive sports that require quite a fair amount of equipments. Active Pursuits: Indoor Badminton, basketball, squash, volleyball, athletics, gymnastics, hockey, bowling and boxing. Outdoor – Motocross, jogging, beach volleyball, golf, canoeing, cycling, skiing, snowboarding, rowing, sailing and handball Team- Rugby, water polo, netball, American football, cricket, baseball, soccer, rallying and korfball. Individuals Surfing, archery, triathlon, canoeing, barrel racing, snooker and pool. Countryside – Walking, mountain biking, sailing, hiking, cross country and climbing Urban Skateboarding, free running, wakeboarding, ultimate, parkour and BMX They are described as ‘active leisure because it requires some level of movement and skill for that particular sport. Some because of its competitiveness or some because of its high energy level input towards the sport. For it to be a high energy sport, the activity has to initiate a higher heart rate than normal, for example skiing because it involves a lot of focus, awareness and adrenaline rushes. Some sports such as sky diving, bungee jumping and base jumping are considered high impact active pursuits because it exerts high levels of adrenaline and elevates heart rates to exceedingly high levels. Those types of pursuits require a lot of motivation and some skills. Whether its for competition or for thrills and excitements they all share a common characteristic: theyre all dynamic; require high levels of motivation and some degree of skills; and are usually practiced outside our homes with other people. The benefits with all active pursuits are that it keeps us fit and healthy (physically and psychologically), it improves our general health, it helps us meet new people (psychologically and socially) and it can increase our poise and self-esteem (psychologically). Active Leisure activities however old we are and what motivation or skills we have, there is an active leisure pursuit to suit all our needs. The range of active pursuits is very diverse, from boxing to playing hockey and even to visit theme parks is considered as an active leisure pursuit, because they all involve some type active motion at high levels. Some activities dont even require much energy outputs such as chess and painting. The reason they are considered as active leisure activities is because they both require a substantial amount of mental effort and so cannot be considered as passive activities. Definition: â€Å"engaged in action; characterized by energetic work, participation, etc.; busy: an active life, being in a state of existence, progress, or motion: active hostilities†. (Dictionery, 2002) 1.2 Passive leisure activities Passive activities are as diverse as active pursuits; they both share similar amounts of motivation and skills. Passive activities mainly benefit a persons mental health; it is most commonly related to a source of relaxation or to unwind from daily stress. In terms of health, passive pursuits dont offer as many benefits as active pursuits but it is ideally reflected on the persons age, lifestyle and interests. Passive pursuits: Shopping ‘UK and Mintels research reveals that 84% of the UKs adult population enjoy shopping/browsing for goods in person, while 33%, or 60% of Internet users, enjoy shopping or browsing for goods online.(Mintel, 2009) The UK is arguably one of the most sophisticated retail environments in the whole of Europe. This data also states how popular shopping as a passive leisure activity really is among Great Britains population. Cinema Age has no relative effect on visiting cinemas as a passive activity but there have been many new releases of universal and PG movies for young people. There is a steady increase in the amount of young people attending cinemas but the large majority of visitors are still the adult group, as shown in figure 1. There are many reasons why there are a larger majority of adults over young people in cinemas. One because of age limits for certain films, where only the adults can benefit from this and not the young. Two because of the amount of free time the adults have against a stricter curfew for the young. Or thirdly because the adults have more spending ability than most young people. Eating out This relates to night time entertainments such as going to the pub and clubbing. The reason why people eat out more is because its a lot less stress to cook yourself, a lot cheaper and its more relaxing to order from a menu rather than have to get up and self serve again and again. This graph shows that people with a high income salary can buy more amounts of pizza than the other groups. The people with a low income salary prefer to have fish and chips over the rest, most probably because its cheaper to buy or it could be their pattern of food choice (interests). The people with an average salary buy more fish and chips than the other groups and have the occasional hamburgers and pizza. Passive leisure activities are mostly based on your free time and what you do with it. This means the person is away from any type of work or duties/responsibilities. Passive pursuits dont exert or expand your physical or mental energy. Most of our pursuits tend to reflect on our age, lifestyle, interests and spending power. An example would be figure 2 where it shows clearly how it affects peoples choices. Definition: ‘not participating readily or actively; inactive:being the object of action rather than causing action (opposed to ACTIVE);inert or quiescent.(Dictionery, Passive, 2002) 1.3 Home-based leisure pursuits Home-based leisure pursuits arent as diverse or dynamic as active or passive pursuits because youre confined to your home with fewer contacts to socialize with. The more money spent indoors the better the home entertainment but this would depend on the persons lifestyle, age, interests and income value. There has recently been a government initiative to get the UK ready for a digital revolution, so home-based leisure pursuits can increase in popularity because with the new additions people can expect changes in picture quality, variety, sound quality and the availability of channels. There are four main categories for home-based leisure and they are: Reading – There are many varieties of texts which anyone could read such as newspapers, magazines, novels, documents and short stories. There are many people who read these for their home-based pursuit. Reading has many benefits, for example it can develop a persons literacy skills and make the person more confident (psychologically). Reading is typically an individual activity, where if you prefer to read out loud than you relate to a form of intrapersonal communication. Reading can be done almost anywhere but its preferable to read at home than somewhere else, also people can read books and other texts online for free so there are more benefits by saving money If someone does read through the internet. House and garden – There are more and more people participating in improving their homes, mainly because of popular DIY related TV shows and magazines. This has lead to an increase in homes being developed for profitable use. The DIY market hasnt been recovering much with all servicing for the mortgage and securing employment it seems to be difficult for the DIY market to progress. Gardening is an activity which is popular amongst older age groups and is increasing in popularity. The increase in the demographic population could be one of the reasons why gardening has had its boost in participants. Home Entertainment There has been many new innovations in home technology such as with cable, digital, satellite TV, Blue ray players, DVDs and internet TV . The biggest increase in the market has to be with computers and computer games. Hobbies and past times There has been a recent trend to fuse traditional and modern concepts. Electronic toys are particularly popular, and keeping a pet as a hobby is ever popular despite increasing pet-care costs. They are described as home-based pursuits because they all involve the use of the persons home in one way or another. Whether its gardening, DIY or playing computer games it is directly stated as home-based leisure because its activities you participate in, while at home. 1.4 Regional variation Regional variations have impacts on certain types of sports or leisure activities. For example mountaineering would be more popular in Scotland rather than in rural parts of England and Wales. With variations come differences in sports, such as Gaelic football may be a local favourite in some parts of Ireland but in some other regions they may prefer flat green bowling. Some reasons for the difference could be because, various regions might have a high elderly age average and so prefer flat green bowling over other activities or it may be because Gaelic football might not be part of their history or culture, so it would not be passed down from generation to generation. Age and athleticism isnt the main factor in regional variations. There are many criterias which limit the popularity and importance of an activity in various regions. For example weather, skiing is far more popular in places like France and Sweden rather than in Great Britain mainly because the climate in Great Britain always changes, so snow can never be guaranteed. While places in France and Sweden can guarantee snow most of the year round. Equivalent with sailing, Great Britain would have a much higher participation rate in sailing compared to other countries such as Netherlands or Belgium because Great Britains coastline is around ‘12429 km'(Wikipedia, 2007) long and Netherlands is estimated to be about ‘451 km (Answer, 2008). Some regional variations could occur because of a lack of space. People who live in urban areas have to find other activities which best suit their lifestyles, such as indoor activities (where space is open and not limited) Parkour, free running and other urban activities. Participation rates are also affected by regional variations because people who live in built up areas are less likely to take up an active activity than other regions. ‘There are surprisingly wide variations in levels of participation. For example, sports participation rates in Moray are nearly twice those of Glasgow.(Sports Scotland, 2006) Landscape is also an important factor in regional variations. Hiking and mountain climbing would be much more popular in Scotland rather than in England because Scotland has many mountains and wilderness/countryside whilst England lack the mountains and wilderness. Demographic population levels also affect regional variations because countries with a high population level will take part in more well known sports such as rugby or football. Whilst countries with less populated people would prefer their home sports rather than most common ones such as bandy in Poland. 1.5 Summary The diversity of the leisure industry ranges from many criterias such as skydiving to spectator sports to working out to even just loving cars. It is one of the most commonly used aspects in our lives because it plays a key role in the economy, business, marketing and communities across the UK and Europe. This chart below shows the diversity and range of the leisure industry. 1.6 Scale of the industry The scale of the leisure industry is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the UK and Europe. A good example of this criterion is the new development of Camberly town centre. The following data shows the scale of the Atrium, its developments, its participation rates and its plans for housing and employment. Original Development: The development of Camberley as an original development only had one shopping centre (The Mall) which is built around the Main Square in the late 1980s. The Mall hosts a large variety of high street shops such as H.Samuel, Argos, Primark, House of Fraser and many more. These shops today really have anchored the development of Camberley towards higher grounds for a much more efficient and entertain able Camberley. Multiplier effect stage 1: There was much debate and delays (plans having been discussed for over half a decade) on the construction of ‘The Atrium which started in May 2006. The new development includes ‘residential, leisure and retail facilities, as well as a 900 space car park. There are 217 design-led apartments divided into three areas within the complex (named Centro, Aspect and Courtyard). (Wikipedia, 2008) Multiplier effect stage 2: Month (2009) Unique Individuals Jan 42,774 Feb 47,250 Mar 45,997 Apr 42,971 May 39,756 Jun 40,124 Jul 39,451 Aug 38,500 After the development of ‘The Atrium many associated leisure venues were built soon after. These include Nandos, Frank and Bennies, Bella Italia, Starbucks and a Vue cinema theatre. Transport to the new attraction sites was predominantly important in the planning stages so they decided to build a convenient bus stop right outside the site for easier access to ‘The Atrium, ‘The Mall and the residential area. For this to happen there needed to be a new road built which would allow easier access for all convenient transport. (Surrey Heath Borough Council Leading for tommorow, 2009) The graph above shows the number of unique individuals who enter ‘The Atrium each month. The average amount of people who do enter ‘The Atrium is 36,731. The graph also shows that there were more people visiting ‘The Atrium in the earlier months from January towards April. Multiplier Effect Stage 3: There are also many sports facilities (old and new) around ‘The Atrium such as Windlesham Golf Course, Vital club, Fitness First Camberley, Golds Gym and many more. ‘The Atrium has many leisure facilities which include pool tables, arcade, bowling, bars and a lounge with monitors. Housing and Employment plans: Below are the set plans for the development of housing and employment in the Camberley district. It explains the availability of affordable accommodation for residents and its future plans. The employment development will include new offices, shopping facilities and some key schemes. 2 bedroom flats will be sold for around  £216,950 with kitchen en suite and outside parking. ‘The provision of residential units as part of mixed use development will be encouraged throughout much of the town centre. This will enable the current very low levels of residential accommodation within the Centre to be increased thereby enhancing its vitality and making it a more sustainable location. Higher density accommodation with an affordable element will be the most appropriate form of residential. Around 500 dwellings could be built up to 2026 around the town centre. This includes the 217 dwelling currently being built as part of The Atrium. Source: (Surrey Heath Borough Council Leading for tommorow, 2009) ‘New employment development such as offices will be allowed. The Town Centre needs to keep most of its offices its a good location for employment floor space being close to transport and shopping facilities. There is a high vacancy rate in the stock of offices in the Town Centre. For this reason, the loss of some offices will be allowed where it helps achieve some key schemes in the Town Centre. Source: (Surrey Heath Borough Council Leading for tommorow, 2009) Recent Economy: The graph below shows the properties in Camberley sold per month. As seen on the graph the most properties that were sold were the new residential flats near The Atrium, from May to July 06 the properties sold were at their highest, peaking at more than 100 flats sold in a space of two months. That would average about 2 flats sold a day. So as soon when The Atrium opened with the apartments the pattern in property sales rose significantly to a much higher level. Source: (Globrix Corporation, 2009) So the economical value for Camberley Town is at a high rate with new jobs being created and more leisure activities available and new apartments being built, The Atrium should show a significant rise in profit in a few years time, even when the recession hits hardest. 1.7 Importance of the industry Participation rates for the teen and adult groups Participation: Gymnastics ‘There has been a significant increase (from 0.1% to 0.2%) of 30,000 gymnastics participants between 2005/6 and 2007/8. 89,000 adults (age 16 and over) have participated in gymnastics at least once a week. Male participation has also increased from 0.07% in Active People Survey 1 to 0.10%. Overall participation in gymnastics has increased in England; there has also been a statistically significant increase in the South East, South West and West Midlands regions. Participation: Badminton ‘Participation in badminton has increased among the non white population from 1.7% to 2.1%, an increase of 25,000 participants. There has been no statistically significant change in participation within gender or disability sub groups such as the age groups 16-19, 20-24 and 25-29. Participation – once in the last four weeks ‘940,000 adults have participated in badminton at least once in the last four weeks. This represents 2.3% of the adult population, and there has been no statistically significant change in participation between 2005/6 and 2007/8. (Sport England Government, 2008) There has been no significant statistical change in badminton participation in any of the English regions recently, reflected by the static participation rates at a national level. Active Lifestyle: Sport England plan to encourage an active lifestyle by using sport and recreation as one of the building blocks of planning and delivery for sustainable and healthier communities. They Identify opportunities for delivering and enhanced quality of life for communities, in the short, medium and longer term. ‘Sport England seeks to engage with planners at regional and local levels to help ensure that the interests of sport and active recreation are well represented actively promoted and appropriately developed in the interests of all. (Sport England Government, 2009) Themes for Spatial Planning Outcomes of Change for Sport and Active Recreation Environmental sustainability Community safety Local economic viability Improving quality of life and well-being Health improvement Raising standards in schools Increasing participation on sport and active recreation Improving levels of performance Widening access Improving health and well-being Stronger and safer communities Improving education Benefiting the economy (Sport England Government, 2008-2009) Other benefits: Other benefits which could lead to inspiration and encouragement is different strategies such as respect of community, crime/disorder reduction, neighbourhood renewal strategies and corporate plans. Environmental Sustainability – sport and recreation can contribute to the sustainable use of natural resources. Community Safety – sport can help to directly reduce social neglect and participation. Quality of Life and Well-Being – physical activity contributes to peoples experience of well-being and sense of partnership with their surroundings. Health Improvement – physical activity should be a natural part of everyday life. Raising Standards in Schools – the foundations of life-long health and sporting excellence lie in early opportunities for taking part in sport and active leisure.