The Role of Reflexivity in Ethnography Essay -- Anthropology Science E

The Role of Reflexivity in Ethnography Reflexivity, as I get it, is very well named.It is simply the act of reflecting and one’s work, of acting naturally mindful and self-basic. In humanities, it is very much exemplified by crafted by Renato Rosaldo, Ruth Behar, and Dorinne Kondo, among others. In its most evident structure (or if nothing else the structure generally clear to me), reflexivity is show in the act of an ethnographer remembering herself for her own ethnographic exploration - seeing herself not as a â€Å"unbiased, impartial† (Malinowski 18) onlooker, yet as a fundamental and un-removable piece of her examination. The impact of reflexivity on ethnographic composing has been, notwithstanding, a lot more extensive than simply that. It signals â€Å"a takeoff from the philosophy of objectivity [and] distance† which for such a long time plagued ethnography (Marcus 189). For the individuals who decide to utilize it, reflexivity offers the (frequently overwhelming) freedom of not attempting to have all the appropriate responses. While this clearly presents calculated issues for human sciences, (for example, If we can’t ever gone to an answer, at that point what’s the point?), reflexivity has played a part in delivering probably the most convincing, unassuming writings that I’ve read. Human studies is, as I would see it, not a science.It’s basically not excessively static. Culture isn't something that can be comprehended the manner in which one can get gravity or electricity.It is open for understanding, open for a wide range of translations, and I prefer it as such. I’m promptly killed by an ethnographer who professes to know reality with regards to his subject: in all honesty, I don’t trust it. Furthermore, regardless of whether something is â€Å"true† for a given culture at a given time, who’s to state it won’t have totally changed in five years? I imagine that planning a... ...e just one, and that nobody ethnographer can demonstrate that they’ve â€Å"gotten† a culture anything else than any one else (197). Once more, this takes me back to the â€Å"then what’s the point?† issue. As I would like to think, what we need are more translations of societies. All things considered, there is much to a greater degree a requirement for the work that we do as ethnographers. The â€Å"point† is really bigger now than it was previously. What amount would basic reasoning be encouraged in the event that we had something contrast and be basic about? Any understanding of culture merits taking a gander at on the grounds that, since a human idea it up, it’s inside our domain of study. As Rosaldo composes, â€Å"the truth of objectivism - outright, all inclusive, and immortal - has lost its imposing business model status† (21). The objective presently is to locate a reflexive, self-basic medium among objectivism and extravagance. I feel like we may really arrive.

The book of Saladin Essay Example For Students

The book of Saladin Essay Can destiny and history contrive to transform somebody from a normal kid to a Sultan? In life individuals are continually motivated or impacted by others and this motivation can genuinely change people groups life. This content is separated from, the book of Saladin composed by Tariq Ali in 1998; from the name of the novel, it tends to be accepted that it is a life story written in first individual dependent on somebody named, Saladin, and his life. The entry is about how Saladin was affected by his grandma, which transformed him from an ordinary individual to a Sultan. The story in this entry shifts in wording on now is the ideal time, and this is depicted through its structure, in addition the contentions and feelings are created using language simultaneously. We will compose a custom exposition on The book of Saladin explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The author shows the job of intensity coming into the character as he transforms I, to You. This utilization of progress in authorial voice underscores the contrasts among when the character comes into force, and this can be outlines through very little was normal from me. I was left to myself and extraordinary dealmy appearance and attitude didn't represent a danger to anyone(line 3) and you consider me to be as a Sultan, encompassed by all the images of intensity. You are dazzled and, perhaps, even a piece frightened(line 4). Once more, this portrays the adjustment in tone, before the character came into power, he was questionable about himself with absence of certainty from the obliviousness of everybody. This strongly diverges from after the utilization of You begins showing up. The you exhibits the power and sure about the character, as he shows a conviction of what he thinks, you are impressedyou stress that and take a gander at me.(line 4-5/7) The image of intensity from the character is depicted a few times through snake. Snake was referenced in both adolescence, when I was ninetrying to kill a snake (line 12), and grandmas dream, one night I imagined that a huge man-gulping snake(line 29), Although the snake is appeared in changed timespans in the story, along these lines the creator utilizes this move so as to associate the presence of snake and this features the force that Saladin had was existed, since he was youthful. The envision of intensity is passed on using frightening expressions corresponding to death, as the author depicts your head may roll in the dust(line 5), and murder a snake (line 12)and Crushing its head on a stonestamping on its head with our feet(line 14-15) . These expressions incorporate frightful words, execute, smashing, and Stamping that are identified with snake and head. Head and snake are referenced a few times all through the entry with stunning envision and word decision, and this is utilized to anticipate the intensity of the character has since he was youthful. This can be obvious from in both when he was ten years of age and attempting to slaughter a snake and when he was in his moms gut and exited, blade close by, and, with one powerful blow, executed the snake here, it recommends that he murders them with no dread and again infers him as a pioneer enjoyed individual. The pressure is worked through the move in time in the characters recollections. This is appeared on the other side; Line 16-17 where the passage is developed with one sentence. The utilization of one sentence multiple times displays the ascending in pressure, bit by bit, other than this; the power of the tone was additionally developing through a portion of the word decision and utilization of accentuation, Yusuf! Yusuf ibn Ayyub! Coming here immediately!. Pressure was all the while developing as the creator utilizes dreadful expressions , anticipating a blow around my ear, unbelievable temper, stuck my dad over the face to depict grandma. From every one of these words, it accentuation the repulsiveness in the character , and this additionally affects the perusers when perusing this as there will be a desire for a frenzy of grandma. Along these lines, suddenly, before coming to its peak, the strain was discharged as the essayist states she embraced me and kissed me thusly on both my eyes, and this simultaneously discharge the air in the story. .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e , .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .postImageUrl , .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e , .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e:hover , .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e:visited , .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e:active { border:0!important; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e:active , .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e:hover { darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u 88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u88b4d92fbc65d5d25a8f81a0365bd51e:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: English World Literature EssayThe structure of this entry isn't introduced sequentially, as the author developed the story with the exchanging in times. In spite of the fact that the time is continually moving, subsequently each plot is connected, and additionally the entry closes with alluding back to the thought expressed in the last line of the principal passage. Destiny and history contrived to make me what I am today (line10) and yet even right now this translation without a doubt positively affected me. The 2 sentences of the last passage summed up the entire thought of how Saladin became who he is today, and this additionally takes the perusers back to the first run through of who he is Now as referenced in line 3. This content is removed from The book of Saladin composed by Tariq Ali has a noteworthiness in the job of intensity inside the character Saladin, this was appeared through the move in time. This section demonstrates Saladin was intended to be a Sultan with power through the murdering of snake with no dread, and furthermore increasingly over the fantasy from grandma in the past additionally hint him to be a pioneer. Despite the fact that, there were numerous confirmations giving an indication that Saladin may have turned into an innovator later on, along these lines without the direction of the grandma this could never occurred. In like manner, in actuality, individuals experienced numerous things so as to become what they are today, and inside these things, impact from environmental factors is the thing that to be viewed as the best motivation, much the same as Saladin and his grandma.

The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emerge Literature review

The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emerge Literature review The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emergence Species, Threats Posed by the Expansion of the Acacia Vegetation â€" Literature review Example > The paper “ The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emergence Species, Threats Posed by the Expansion of the Acacia Vegetation” is a delightful example of a literature review on environmental studies. Climate change and human activities continue to have an immeasurable impact on the natural vegetation cover in the different parts of the world. The introduction of new crop species and economic-focused agriculture has particularly had a great impact on the Australian vegetation and ecosystem. Such activities pose an unfathomable threat to the natural ecosystems especially the extinction of some indigenous plant species. Vegetation clearance for commercial agriculture can be associated with increasing desertification in not only Australia but also other parts of the world. Agroforestry has emerged as a solution to the need to increase vegetation cover amidst the growing demand for farming land. The concept of agroforestry focuses on mitigating the impact o f vegetation clearance associated with economic farming on climate change. Agroforestry provides options for minimizing the impact of rapidly expanding agricultural systems that not only threaten the existence of the natural vegetation but also climate change (Lefroy Stirzaker, 1999). As such, the agroforestry practice enhances the adaptability and sustainability of agricultural systems. However, the continued expansion of such agricultural systems poses other environmental challenges such as increased soil salinity and the overall sustainability of the Australian environment. Soil salinity forms one of the environmental stress factors which impact negatively on productivity and growth of plants (Australian Government, 2013). According to Thrail, Bever, and Slattery (2008), the continued clearance of deep-rooted perennial plants in Australia has contributed to the increase in dryland salinity, a phenomenon that threatens growth and productivity of other plant species in such areas . This paper explores the adaptability of different Acacia plant species to environmental stress factors such as soil salinity as one of the critical steps in future re-vegetation efforts in South Australia. This would be critical in addressing problems arising from the growing introduction of water-use efficiency plants and the need to ensure expansion and the long-term sustainability of the agriculture industry in Australia. Similar to other plant species, the growth of different acacia species is influenced by several environmental factors such as soil salinity levels, soil Ph, water availability, and soil toxicity. According to Ramoliya and Pandey (2002), previous studies on the adaptability of the different acacia plant species have demonstrated variations in the abundance and diversity of some species in relation to the soil chemistry and other physical environmental factors. The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity On Acacia Seedling Emergence SpeciesPrevious studies ha ve shown that salinity as an environmental stress factor affects seedling emergence, growth and the survival of the acacia plant. In this case, different acacia plant species have shown diverse seedling emergence, growth, and survival in different soil salinity levels. In a study aimed at investigating the effects of different salinity levels on the seedling emergence of Acacia nilotica species, results revealed a lack of seed emergence in soil with salinity levels above 12.2 ds m-1 (Ramoliya Pandey, 2002). According to Ramoliya and Pandey (2002), further studies have shown a clear association between high soil salinity and retardation of germination and growth of the seedling. At the same time, different plant species have shown variations in their tolerance to salinity levels hence the need to investigate the variations in salts tolerance among the various acacia. Understanding of the salinity tolerance for different acacia plant species emerges as a crucial step in the screeni ng of acacia species for re-vegetation of south-west Australia as well as other areas that continue to face the threat of desertification (Thrall, Bever Slattery, 2008). ReferencesAustralian Government. (2013). Our natural environment.Retrieved fromhttp://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/our-natural-environmentBui, E., Thornhill, A Miller T. (2014). Salt-and alkaline â€"tolerance are linked in Acacia. Biology Letter., 10. Retrieved fromhttp://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiolett/10/7/20140278.full.pdfChapin, F., Sala, O Huber-Sannwald, E. (2001). Global biodiversity in a changing environment: Scenarios for the 21st Century. London: Springer Science Business Media.Craig, G., Bell, DT Atkins, CA. (1990).Response to salt and waterlogging stress of ten taxa of Acacia selected from natural saline areas of Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 36(6), 619-630.Dell, B., Xu, D Thu, P. (n.d). Managing threats to the health of tree plantations in Asia. Su stainable Ecosystems Research Institute. Retrieved fromhttp://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/35407.pdfLefroy, E Stirzaker, R. (1999). Agroforestry for water management in the cropping zone of southern Australia. Agroforestry Systems 45, 277-302.McCarthy, P., Wilson, A., Orchard, A George, A. (2001). Flora of Australia. Volume 11A, Mimosaceae, Acacia, part 1. New Jersey: CSIRO. Nuberg, I., George, B Reid, R. (2009). Agroforestry for natural resource management. London: Csiro publishing. Ramoliya, P Pandey, A. (2002). Effect of salinization of soil on emergence, growth, and survival of seedlings of Acacia nilotica. Botanica Complutensis, 26, 105-119.Thrall, P., Bever, J Slattery, J. (2008). Rhizobial mediation of Acacia adaptation to soil salinity: Evidence of underlying trade-offs and tests of expected patterns. Journal of Ecology, 96, 746-755. The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emerge Literature review The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emergence Species, Threats Posed by the Expansion of the Acacia Vegetation â€" Literature review Example > The paper “ The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emergence Species, Threats Posed by the Expansion of the Acacia Vegetation” is a delightful example of a literature review on environmental studies. Climate change and human activities continue to have an immeasurable impact on the natural vegetation cover in the different parts of the world. The introduction of new crop species and economic-focused agriculture has particularly had a great impact on the Australian vegetation and ecosystem. Such activities pose an unfathomable threat to the natural ecosystems especially the extinction of some indigenous plant species. Vegetation clearance for commercial agriculture can be associated with increasing desertification in not only Australia but also other parts of the world. Agroforestry has emerged as a solution to the need to increase vegetation cover amidst the growing demand for farming land. The concept of agroforestry focuses on mitigating the impact o f vegetation clearance associated with economic farming on climate change. Agroforestry provides options for minimizing the impact of rapidly expanding agricultural systems that not only threaten the existence of the natural vegetation but also climate change (Lefroy Stirzaker, 1999). As such, the agroforestry practice enhances the adaptability and sustainability of agricultural systems. However, the continued expansion of such agricultural systems poses other environmental challenges such as increased soil salinity and the overall sustainability of the Australian environment. Soil salinity forms one of the environmental stress factors which impact negatively on productivity and growth of plants (Australian Government, 2013). According to Thrail, Bever, and Slattery (2008), the continued clearance of deep-rooted perennial plants in Australia has contributed to the increase in dryland salinity, a phenomenon that threatens growth and productivity of other plant species in such areas . This paper explores the adaptability of different Acacia plant species to environmental stress factors such as soil salinity as one of the critical steps in future re-vegetation efforts in South Australia. This would be critical in addressing problems arising from the growing introduction of water-use efficiency plants and the need to ensure expansion and the long-term sustainability of the agriculture industry in Australia. Similar to other plant species, the growth of different acacia species is influenced by several environmental factors such as soil salinity levels, soil Ph, water availability, and soil toxicity. According to Ramoliya and Pandey (2002), previous studies on the adaptability of the different acacia plant species have demonstrated variations in the abundance and diversity of some species in relation to the soil chemistry and other physical environmental factors. The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity On Acacia Seedling Emergence SpeciesPrevious studies ha ve shown that salinity as an environmental stress factor affects seedling emergence, growth and the survival of the acacia plant. In this case, different acacia plant species have shown diverse seedling emergence, growth, and survival in different soil salinity levels. In a study aimed at investigating the effects of different salinity levels on the seedling emergence of Acacia nilotica species, results revealed a lack of seed emergence in soil with salinity levels above 12.2 ds m-1 (Ramoliya Pandey, 2002). According to Ramoliya and Pandey (2002), further studies have shown a clear association between high soil salinity and retardation of germination and growth of the seedling. At the same time, different plant species have shown variations in their tolerance to salinity levels hence the need to investigate the variations in salts tolerance among the various acacia. Understanding of the salinity tolerance for different acacia plant species emerges as a crucial step in the screeni ng of acacia species for re-vegetation of south-west Australia as well as other areas that continue to face the threat of desertification (Thrall, Bever Slattery, 2008). ReferencesAustralian Government. (2013). Our natural environment.Retrieved fromhttp://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/our-natural-environmentBui, E., Thornhill, A Miller T. (2014). Salt-and alkaline â€"tolerance are linked in Acacia. Biology Letter., 10. Retrieved fromhttp://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiolett/10/7/20140278.full.pdfChapin, F., Sala, O Huber-Sannwald, E. (2001). Global biodiversity in a changing environment: Scenarios for the 21st Century. London: Springer Science Business Media.Craig, G., Bell, DT Atkins, CA. (1990).Response to salt and waterlogging stress of ten taxa of Acacia selected from natural saline areas of Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 36(6), 619-630.Dell, B., Xu, D Thu, P. (n.d). Managing threats to the health of tree plantations in Asia. Su stainable Ecosystems Research Institute. Retrieved fromhttp://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/35407.pdfLefroy, E Stirzaker, R. (1999). Agroforestry for water management in the cropping zone of southern Australia. Agroforestry Systems 45, 277-302.McCarthy, P., Wilson, A., Orchard, A George, A. (2001). Flora of Australia. Volume 11A, Mimosaceae, Acacia, part 1. New Jersey: CSIRO. Nuberg, I., George, B Reid, R. (2009). Agroforestry for natural resource management. London: Csiro publishing. Ramoliya, P Pandey, A. (2002). Effect of salinization of soil on emergence, growth, and survival of seedlings of Acacia nilotica. Botanica Complutensis, 26, 105-119.Thrall, P., Bever, J Slattery, J. (2008). Rhizobial mediation of Acacia adaptation to soil salinity: Evidence of underlying trade-offs and tests of expected patterns. Journal of Ecology, 96, 746-755.

Computer Repair Business Plan - 4973 Words

[pic] Computer Repair Business Strategic Business and Marketing Plan The information in this document is confidential and is to be only read by authorized parties. Please refer to the confidentiality agreement for further details. This business plan is not an offering for securities. Confidentiality Agreement The undersigned reader acknowledges that the information provided in this business plan is confidential; therefore, the reader agrees not to disclose it without the express written permission of or an authorized agent of Computer Repair Business, Inc. It is acknowledged by the reader that information furnished in this business plan is in all respects confidential in nature, other than information which is in the public†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Financing for the first six months of operation. †¢ Capital to purchase an inventory of computers and computer parts. Mr. Doe will contribute $10,000 to the venture. 1.3 Mission Statement The Computer Repair Business’ mission is to become the recognized leader in its targeted market for computer repair and customization services. 1.4 Management Team The Company was founded by John Doe. Mr. Doe has more than 10 years of experience in the technology industry. Through his expertise, he will be able to bring the operations of the business to profitability within its first year of operations. 1.5 Sales Forecasts Mr. Doe expects a strong rate of growth at the start of operations. Below are the expected financials over the next three years. |Proforma Profit and Loss (Yearly) | | | |Year |2009 |2010 |2011 | |Sales |$621,378 |$745,654 |$872,415 | |Operating Costs |$379,340 |$416,130 |$454,758 | |EBITDA |$55,624 |$105,827 |$155,933 | |Taxes, Interest, and Depreciation |$33,982 |$49,363 |$67,992 | |Net ProfitShow MoreRelatedBest Buy Geek Squad, Microcenter, And Microsoft964 Words   |  4 Pages It is important for our upcoming business to be aware of the current competition in their field. Whether they will become competition or even create a partnership it is important to learn from their decisions. Companies like Best Buy Geek Squad, Microcenter, Apple, and Microsoft are a few of the well-known companies that we can expect to compete with. First with Best Buy, they offer warranties, installations, support, diagnostics, and repairs. 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Biography of Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz

Chester Henry Nimitz (February 24, 1885–February 20, 1966) served as Commander in Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet during World War II and was later promoted to the new rank of Fleet Admiral. In that role, he commanded all land and sea forces in the central Pacific area. Nimitz was responsible for the victories at Midway and Okinawa among others. In later years, he served as chief of naval operations for the United States. Fast Facts: Chester Henry Nimitz Known For: Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet during World War IIBorn: February 24, 1885 in Fredericksburg, TexasParents: Anna Josephine, Chester Bernhard NimitzDied: February 20, 1966 in Yerba Buena Island, San Francisco, CaliforniaEducation: U.S. Naval AcademyPublished Works: Sea Power, a Naval History (co-editor with E.B. Potter)Awards and Honors: (list includes only American decorations) Navy Distinguished Service Medal with three gold stars, Army Distinguished Service Medal,  Silver Lifesaving Medal, World War I Victory Medal,  Secretary of the Navy Commendation Star, American Defense Service Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, National Defense Service Medal with service star. In addition (among other honors) namesake of the USS  Nimitz, the first nuclear-powered supercarrier. The Nimitz Foundation funds the National Museum of the Pacific War and the Admiral Nimitz Museum, Fredericksburg, Texas.Spouse: Catherine Vance FreemanChildren: Cat herine Vance, Chester William Jr., Anna Elizabeth, Mary MansonNotable Quote: God grant me the courage not to give up what I think is right even though I think it is hopeless. Early Life Chester William Nimitz was born in Fredericksburg, Texas, on February 24, 1885, and was the son of Chester Bernhard and Anna Josephine Nimitz. Nimitzs father died before he was born and as a young man, he was influenced by his grandfather Charles Henry Nimitz, who had served as a merchant seaman. Attending Tivy High School in Kerrville, Texas, Nimitz originally wished to attend West Point but was unable to do so as no appointments were available. Meeting with Congressman James L. Slayden, Nimitz was informed that one competitive appointment was available to Annapolis. Viewing the U.S. Naval Academy as his best option for continuing his education, Nimitz devoted himself to studying and succeeded in winning the appointment. Annapolis Nimitz departed high school early to commence his naval career. Arriving at Annapolis in 1901, he proved an able student and showed a particular aptitude for mathematics. A member of the academys crew team, he graduated with distinction on January 30, 1905, ranked seventh in a class of 114. His class graduated early, as there was a shortage of junior officers due to the rapid expansion of the U.S. Navy. Assigned to the battleship USS Ohio (BB-12), he traveled to the Far East. Remaining in the Orient, he later served aboard the cruiser USS Baltimore. In January 1907, having completed the required two years at sea, Nimitz was commissioned as an ensign. Submarines Diesel Engines Leaving the USS Baltimore, Nimitz received command of the gunboat USS Panay in 1907 before moving on to assume command of the destroyer USS Decatur. While conning Decatur on July 7, 1908, Nimitz grounded the ship on a mud bank in the Philippines. Though he rescued a seaman from drowning in the wake of the incident, Nimitz was court-martialed and issued a letter of reprimand. Returning home, he was transferred to the submarine service in early 1909. Promoted to lieutenant in January 1910, Nimitz commanded several early submarines before being named Commander, 3rd Submarine Division, Atlantic Torpedo Fleet in October 1911. Ordered to Boston the following month to oversee the fitting out of USS Skipjack (E-1), Nimitz received a Silver Lifesaving Medal for rescuing a drowning sailor in March 1912. Leading the Atlantic Submarine Flotilla from May 1912 to March 1913, Nimitz was assigned to oversee the construction of diesel engines for the tanker USS Maumee. While in this assignment, he married Catherine Vance Freeman in April 1913. That summer, the U.S. Navy dispatched Nimitz to Nuremberg, Germany and Ghent, Belgium to study diesel technology. Returning, he became one of the services foremost experts on diesel engines. World War I Re-assigned to Maumee, Nimitz lost part of his right ring finger while demonstrating a diesel engine. He was only saved when his Annapolis class ring jammed the engines gears. Returning to duty, he was made the ships executive officer and engineer upon its commissioning in October 1916. With the U.S. entry into World War I, Nimitz oversaw the first underway refuelings as Maumee aided the first American destroyers crossing the Atlantic to the war zone. Now a lieutenant commander, Nimitz returned to submarines on August 10, 1917, as an aide to Rear Admiral Samuel S. Robinson, commander of the U.S. Atlantic Fleets submarine force. Made Robinsons chief of staff in February 1918, Nimitz received a letter of commendation for his work. The Interwar Years With the war winding down in September 1918, he saw duty in the office of the Chief of Naval Operations and was a member of the Board of Submarine Design. Returning to sea in May 1919, Nimitz was made executive officer of the battleship USS South Carolina (BB-26). After brief service as the commander of USS Chicago and Submarine Division 14, he entered the Naval War College in 1922. After graduating he became chief of staff to Commander, Battle Forces and later Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Fleet. In August 1926, Nimitz traveled to the University of California-Berkeley to establish a Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps Unit. Promoted to captain on June 2, 1927, Nimitz departed Berkeley two years later to take command of Submarine Division 20. In October 1933, he was given command of the cruiser USS Augusta. Principally serving as flagship of the Asiatic Fleet, he remained in the Far East for two years. Arriving back in Washington, Nimitz was appointed Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Navigation. After a brief time in this role, he was made Commander, Cruiser Division 2, Battle Force. Promoted to rear admiral on June 23, 1938, he was transferred to be Commander, Battleship Division 1, Battle Force that October. World War II Begins Coming ashore in 1939, Nimitz was selected to serve as Chief of the Bureau of Navigation. He was in this role when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Ten days later, Nimitz was selected to replace Admiral Husband Kimmel as Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Traveling west, he arrived at Pearl Harbor on Christmas Day. Officially taking command on December 31, Nimitz immediately began efforts to rebuild the Pacific Fleet and halt the Japanese advance across the Pacific. Coral Sea and Midway On March 30, 1942, Nimitz was also made Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas giving him control of all Allied forces in the central Pacific. Initially operating on the defensive, Nimitzs forces won a strategic victory at the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942, which halted Japanese efforts to capture Port Moresby, New Guinea. The following month, they scored a decisive triumph over the Japanese at the Battle of Midway. With reinforcements arriving, Nimitz shifted to the offensive and began a protracted campaign in the Solomon Islands in August, centered on the capture of Guadalcanal. After several months of bitter fighting on land and sea, the island was finally secured in early 1943. While General Douglas MacArthur, Commander-in-Chief, Southwest Pacific Area, advanced through New Guinea, Nimitz began a campaign of island hopping across the Pacific. Rather than engage sizable Japanese garrisons, these operations were designed to cut them off and let them wither on the vine. Moving from island to island, Allied forces used each as a base for capturing the next. Island Hopping Beginning with Tarawa in November 1943, Allied ships and men pushed through the Gilbert Islands and into the Marshalls capturing Kwajalein and Eniwetok. Next targeting Saipan, Guam, and Tinian in the Marianas, Nimitzs forces succeeded in routing the Japanese fleet at the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944. Capturing the islands, Allied forces next fought a bloody battle for Peleliu and then secured Angaur and Ulithi. To the south, elements of the U.S. Pacific Fleet under Admiral William Bull Halsey won a climactic fight at the Battle of Leyte Gulf in support of MacArthurs landings in the Philippines. On December 14, 1944, by Act of Congress, Nimitz was promoted to the newly created rank of Fleet Admiral (five-star). Shifting his headquarters from Pearl Harbor to Guam in January 1945, Nimitz oversaw the capture of Iwo Jima two months later. With airfields in the Marianas operational, B-29 Superfortresses began bombing the Japanese home islands. As part of this campaign, Nimitz ordered the mining of Japanese harbors. In April, Nimitz began the campaign to capture Okinawa. After an extended fight for the island, it was captured in June. End of the War Throughout the war in the Pacific, Nimitz made effective use of his submarine force, which conducted a highly effective campaign against Japanese shipping. As Allied leaders in the Pacific were planning for the invasion of Japan, the war came to an abrupt end with the use of the atom bomb in early August. On September 2, Nimitz was aboard the battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) as part of the Allied delegation to receive the Japanese surrender. The second Allied leader to sign the Instrument of Surrender after MacArthur, Nimitz signed as the representative of the United States. Postwar With the conclusion of the war, Nimitz departed the Pacific to accept the position of Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). Replacing Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, Nimitz took office on December 15, 1945. During his two years in office, Nimitz was tasked with scaling back the U.S. Navy to a peacetime level. To accomplish this, he established a variety of reserve fleets to ensure that an appropriate level of readiness was maintained despite reductions in the strength of the active fleet. During the Nuremberg Trial of German Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz in 1946, Nimitz produced an affidavit in support of the use of unrestricted submarine warfare. This was a key reason why the German admirals life was spared and a relatively short prison sentence was given. During his term as CNO, Nimitz also advocated on behalf of the U.S. Navys relevancy in the age of atomic weapons and pushed for continuing research and development. This saw Nimitz support Captain Hyman G. Rickovers early proposals to convert the submarine fleet to nuclear power and resulted in the construction of USS Nautilus. Retiring from the U.S. Navy on December 15, 1947, Nimitz and his wife settled in Berkeley, California. Later Life On January 1, 1948, Nimitz was appointed to the largely ceremonial role of Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Navy in the Western Sea Frontier. Prominent in the San Francisco-area community, he served as a regent of the University of California from 1948 to 1956. During this time, he worked to restore relations with Japan and helped lead fundraising efforts for the restoration of the battleship Mikasa, which had served as Admiral Heihachiro Togos flagship at the 1905 Battle of Tsushima. Death In late 1965, Nimitz suffered a stroke that was later complicated by pneumonia. Returning to his home on Yerba Buena Island, Nimitz died on February 20, 1966. Following his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno, California.

Radio as medium of mass communication Free Essays

Radio is widely used mass communication medium and has a great potentiality in dissemination of information as radio signals cover almost entire world. More than 177 radio stations are there across the country. Almost 97 percent of the population is reached by the radio. We will write a custom essay sample on Radio as medium of mass communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Radio being a convenient form of entertainment caters to a large audience. With the invention of transistors this medium has reached the common man in urban and rural areas of India but the utilization of radio is more among rural elites. It has advantages over the other mass media like television and newspapers in terms of being handy, portable, easily accessible and cheap. Radio is the most portable of the broadcast media, being easily accessible at home, at office, in car, on the street or beach, virtually anywhere and everywhere at any time. Radio is effective medium not only in informing the people but also in creating awareness regarding many social issues and need for social reformation, developing interest and initiating action. For example, in creating awareness regarding new policies, news about evelopmental projects and programs, new ideas etc. It will help in creating a positive climate for growth and development. It widens the horizons of the people and enlightens them, and gradually changing their outlook towards life. Research about this has shown that radio is an effective medium for education when it is followed up with group discussion and question- answer session. In India, radio with its penetration to the rural areas is becoming a powerful medium for advertisers. It gains 3 percent of the national advertising budget. Radio is still the heapest alternative to television, but it is no longer the poor medium in advertising terms. Because radio listening are so widespread, it is prospered as an advertising medium for reaching local audiences. Moreover, the radio serves small and highly targeted audiences, which makes radio an excellent advertising medium for many kinds of specialized products and services. As far as commercials are concerned, no one will able to tune out commercials easily as is possible with remote control devices and VCRs. It is said that radio’s ability to ttract local advertisers hurts mainly newspapers, as television is less attractive to the small and local advertiser. As tar as audience is concerned radio does not hamper persons mobility. Radio as a vehicle of information for masses it is still the fastest medium of communication. For instance, it would take less time for a news reporter for radio to arrive on the spot with a microphone and recorder than the same for TV along with a shooting team and equipment. Another important feature of radio as mass medium is that it caters to a large rural opulation which has no access to TV and where there is no power supply. In such places, AIR-AII India Radio’s programmes continue to be the only source of information and entertainment. AIR broadcasts programmes in 24 languages and 140 dialects. â€Å"Radio should be treated as a kin to newspapers in view of the fact that it is local, inexpensive, linked to communities, has limited band width and operates through simple technology’. The economics of radio does allow tailoring programme content to the needs of small audiences. Thus it is economically viable to recast a programme for broadcast to audiences in different sub regional, cultural and linguistic language. This enhances the value of radio as a medium in networking developmental programmes. It offers many possibilities in networking, from local or regional co- ordinated broadcasts and interactive exchange of queries and data. It will serve as a standalone medium of information dissemination or a support medium for curricular learning, Jointly with print material or with fieldwork. How to cite Radio as medium of mass communication, Papers

The Life and History of Winston S. Churchill free essay sample

Winston Churchill Winston S. Churchill was a former prime minister of England during 1940 to 1945 and 1951 to 1955. He had been well known for his leadership, oratory skills and bold statements regarding political issues (internationally and locally). He was also described as being: bold, confident, manipulative, courageous, determined, outspoken, brave, and stubborn. Born into the likes of a rich family, he often undervalued the importance and value of money reflecting at times during his time as Prime Minister. As he matured, he often contemplated between a life in the army or in Parliament. His contemplation became his reality as he would â€Å"switch† between the army and Parliament as an adult. While in the army serving in various places, he became an accomplished writer and war reporter while also showing his outgoing personality. Through multiple years of this experience, he developed his writing skills and his oratory skills while being involved in world issues. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life and History of Winston S. Churchill or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Soon he developed his â€Å"bold† views on ideas (e. g. less influence in India) and having iron fist strength in his beliefs and opinions. When we finally decided Parliament was the right home for him, the Nazis’ and Hitler were preparing for their â€Å"blitzkrieg† and were preparing for the starting phases of WW2. Churchill started to realize the threat this posed and voiced out to the government in 1939 that the English government had to be more â€Å"pro-active† about Hitler. Churchill’s predictions came out true and the threat posed became imminent to the English government after the invasion on Norway and the failed campaign in Norway as well. Churchill came out as Prime Minister in 1940 after the previous Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, resigned. Right off the bat, he allotted majority of finances into the military task forces and declared war on Germany. He also stated his steadfast refusal to consider defeat, surrender or compromise peace with Hitler. Later when major countries (e. g. France) fell under the blitzkrieg, Churchill embodied his country’s will to resist and continue fighting the war. His oratory (particularly his speeches and radio broadcasts) inspired the British men. These acts helped inspire British resistance, the only active resistance against Hitler and his Nazi forces. Churchill had also spent numerous hours with the British people who were suffering from air raids by the Luftwaffe and typing numerous letters to get U. S. A into the war. Over the next few years when Russia and U. S. A had become allies and began closing in on Germany, Churchill knew this war was over and the allies had won. His prediction was, again, correct. When he announced this, he said, â€Å"This is your victory. The people shouted: No, it is yours. † Many people around the world appreciated the efforts and actions of Churchill; however, with the pinnacle of military victory, he tasted political defeat. The actions of what Winston Churchill had done for all the British people and everyone around the world is beyond words. Without him, Britain and many other countries would have been in serious trouble during WW2 and the firmness of his beliefs had inspired everyone to truly believe in their ideologies, something that we have seen quite a bit since Churchill’s time period. Some examples: Martin Luther King Jr. , Nelson Mandela, Aung San Suu Kyi, Arab Springs protests. They had all believed in their ideologies and proved it to themselves and the world, something great Churchill had started and shown the world.